FILED
Mar 29 2023, 9:08 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Amy O. Carson Timothy R. Stoesz
Christopher P. Jeter Stoesz & Stoesz
Jacob W. Zigenfus Noblesville, Indiana
Massillamany Jeter & Carson LLP
Fishers, Indiana
Gillian Keiffner
Keiffner Law
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In Re: the Adoption of: March 29, 2023
W.K., IV, and I.K.; Court of Appeals Case No.
22A-AD-2227
W.K.,
Appeal from the Hamilton
Appellant, Superior Court
v.
The Honorable William J. Hughes,
Judge
T.M.,
Trial Court Cause Nos.
Appellee. 29D03-1904-AD-524
29D03-1904-AD-525
Opinion by Judge Bailey
Judges Brown and Weissmann concur.
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-AD-2227 | March 29, 2023 Page 1 of 17
Case Summary
[1] W.K. (“Father”) appeals the trial court’s order granting custody of W.K., IV
(“W.K.”) and I.K. (collectively, “Children”) to T.M. (“Stepfather”). We
affirm.
Issues
[2] Father raises three issues, which we consolidate and restate as the following
two issues:
I. Whether Father suffered harm from the trial court’s denial
of his motion to dismiss the petitions for adoption
immediately following remand from this Court.
II. Whether the trial court’s findings and judgment are clearly
erroneous.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] Father and C.K. (“Mother”) were married in March of 2008. W.K. was born to
them on December 9, 2008, and I.K. was born to them on April 14, 2010.
Mother and Father were in the military and lived with Children in Japan. In
May of 2013, Father and Mother separated, and Father moved to Texas.
Mother and Children remained in Japan until July of 2013, at which time the
three of them moved to California and lived with Children’s maternal
grandparents.
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[4] Mother filed for dissolution of marriage in California, and the dissolution was
finalized in March of 2014. The dissolution order provided that the parents had
joint legal custody of Children, Mother had physical custody of Children, and
Father had parenting time with Children. Beginning in the summer of 2014,
Children spent summers with Father in Texas. No child support order was
issued at the time of the dissolution, but Father made some informal child
support payments to Mother. Father was not “formally ordered to pay child
support” until late in 2016. In re Adoption of W.K., 163 N.E.3d 370, 372 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2021), trans. denied.
[5] Mother began dating Stepfather, a police officer in Indiana. In the fall of 2014,
Mother and Children moved to Indiana to live with Stepfather. Mother and
Stepfather married in December of 2016, and, beginning in approximately
September of 2017, maternal grandparents moved in with Mother, Stepfather,
and Children in Indiana. In February of 2019, A.M. was born to Mother and
Stepfather. When Mother gave birth to A.M., it was discovered that Mother
had stage four stomach cancer. Mother died on March 28, 2019. Maternal
grandparents continued to live with Stepfather and Children.
[6] On April 1, 2019, Father appeared at Children’s home in Indiana to “pick up
the children” to take them to Texas. Appealed Order at 4. That same day,
maternal grandmother filed for emergency guardianship of Children, and
Stepfather filed adoption petitions and an “Emergency Petition for Immediate
Temporary Custody” of Children. Appellant’s App. v. II at 60. On April 3,
Father filed a petition to domesticate the California dissolution decree and a
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motion to dismiss the adoption petitions. On April 10, the trial court held
emergency hearings on the pending petitions. The court granted Father’s
petition to domesticate the California decree of dissolution. The court ordered
temporary custody of Children to Stepfather for the remainder of the school
year and then temporary custody to Father “until further Order of the Court.”
Id. at 67. Grandmother’s guardianship petition was denied and dismissed. The
trial court also appointed a Guardian Ad Litem (“GAL”).
[7] On July 26, 2019, Stepfather filed a “Petition for Emergency Hearing for
Return of Child[ren] to Indiana” in which he alleged that Children’s school in
Indiana started on August 6 but Father had refused to return Children to
Indiana. Id. at 104. The court set the matter for an emergency hearing on
August 2 and granted Father’s request to appear for the hearing telephonically.
Following the August 2 hearing, the court ordered Father to return Children to
Indiana on or before August 5, with Children to remain in Stepfather’s
“temporary custody until further order of the Court” and with Father to have
parenting time with Children during fall school break. W.K., 163 N.E.3d at
373.
[8] Father did not return Children on August 5 as ordered; rather, he initiated an
action in Texas to enforce the dissolution decree and attempted to enroll
Children in school in Texas. Stepfather filed a report with the police in
Indiana, and Father was charged with two counts of Level 6 felony interference
with child custody. In September, Father was arrested in Texas, and Stepfather
drove to Texas and brought Children back to Indiana. Stepfather subsequently
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-AD-2227 | March 29, 2023 Page 4 of 17
requested that the charges against Father be dropped, and the charges were
dismissed with prejudice.
[9] On September 1, the GAL interviewed Children. Children reported to the
GAL that Father “spanked” them repeatedly with his hand or a belt and that
they were scared of Father. December 6, 2019, GAL report at 13.1 W.K.
reported that Father hits the belt “on tables to scare them” sometimes. Id. at
15. Children expressed their belief that Father was “angry all the time,” and
W.K. reported remembering an incident when Father “thr[ew] a computer at
Mother in the face and ma[de] her nose bleed.” Id. at 14. Children expressed
fear “of what Father [would] do” if he discovered what Children told the GAL.
Id. at 15. Children stated that they did not wish to live with Father. Children
expressed happiness with Stepfather and a desire to live with Stepfather and
visit Father during summers.
[10] On September 27, 2019, Father filed a “Renewed Motion to Dismiss” the
adoption petitions. Appellant’s App. v. II at 7. On December 17, 2019, and
April 28, 2020, the trial court held a hearing on Stepfather’s petition to adopt
Children. Stepfather argued that Father’s consent to adoption was not
necessary, and the trial court agreed. Father appealed, and a panel of this
Court reversed the trial court order. This Court held that Father’s consent was
1
The December 2019 GAL report was not included in the record on this appeal but was accessed by this
Court on Odyssey, the state court case management system. We note that the report is part of the record in
this case. See Ind. Appellate Rule 27.
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required for the adoption of Children, in part because the evidence did not
establish that Father was an “unfit” parent. W.K., 163 N.E.3d at 375-76.
[11] Following remand and a change of trial court judge, on July 9, 2021, Father
filed a “renewed motion” to dismiss the adoption petitions and a request for
emergency custody of Children. Appellant’s App. v. II at 172. On July 29,
Stepfather filed a petition for custody of Children, citing Indiana Code Section
31-19-11-5. On August 2, the trial court conducted a hearing on Father’s
motion to dismiss the adoption petitions and denied it as “premature” because
neither party had “rested its case” on all the issues raised in the adoption
petitions and contest of adoption.2 Id. at 186. Stepfather subsequently filed a
motion to intervene as a party in the dissolution action, which the court denied
as “unnecessary,” and a request for custody as a de facto custodian of Children.
Id. at 218. Father filed a motion for summary judgment on the issues of
adoption and custody as a de facto custodian.
[12] On May 26, 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing on the adoption petitions
and all pending custody matters. The court heard testimony from Father,
Stepfather, and the GAL, among others. GAL reports from September 2021,
January 2022, and May 2022 were admitted into evidence. Each GAL report
noted that Children wish to live with Stepfather, with parenting time to Father.
2
Father did not file a document entitled “Petition to Contest Adoptions” but the trial court found that
Father’s “filing of September 27, 2019[,] titled Motion to Dismiss, while poorly titled, was sufficiently
explicit to advise the parties that … [Father] was contesting the adoption.” Appellant’s App. v. II at 224.
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The GAL reports also indicated that Father had ceased physical discipline of
Children, and one report noted, “It appears Father has displayed some growth
in how he parents the Children, and is less reliant on utilizing fear as a tactic
with the Children.” Ex. at 112.
[13] On August 30, 2022, the trial court issued its Final Order on custody, which
included findings of fact and conclusions thereon. Regarding adoption, the trial
court noted that, per this Court’s prior decision, Father’s consent was required
for the adoption of Children. Because Father did not consent, the court denied
Stepfather’s adoption petitions. Regarding custody, the trial court weighed the
“best interests” of the children factors contained in Indiana Code Section 31-17-
2-8 and the de facto custodian custody factors listed in Indiana Code Section
31-17-2-8.5.3 The trial court granted sole legal custody and primary physical
custody of Children to Stepfather and ordered parenting time for Father. This
appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
Delay in Dismissing Adoption Petitions
[14] Father maintains that the trial court erred when it denied his July 9, 2021,
motion to dismiss the adoption petitions as being “premature” because neither
3
The trial court erroneously cited Indiana Code Section 31-14-13-8.5 rather than Indiana Code Section 31-
17-2-8.5, but it applied the correct statute. Appealed Order at 16.
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party had “rested its case” on all the issues raised in the adoption petitions and
the contest of adoption. Appellant’s App. v. II at 186. Although he
acknowledges that the court dismissed the adoption petitions on August 30,
2022, he asserts that the court committed reversible error by delaying its ruling
until that time.
[15] Indiana law requires that, “[w]henever a motion to contest an adoption is filed,
the court shall, before entering a decree under IC 31-19-11, set the matter for a
hearing to contest the adoption.” Ind. Code § 31-19-10-5. After “hearing
evidence at the hearing,” the court “shall” dismiss the adoption petition if it
finds that “a required consent has not been obtained.” I.C. § 31-19-10-
6(2)(A)(ii).
[16] Here, on December 17, 2019, and April 28, 2020, the trial court held a hearing
on the issue of whether Father’s consent was required for Stepfather’s adoption
of the children. The trial court concluded from that hearing that Father’s
consent to the adoptions was not required. On appeal of that order, a panel of
this Court reversed. Thus, at the time the trial court “[r]eopened” this case after
it had received the Court of Appeals’ decision, it was clear that an evidentiary
hearing on consent had been held and that Father’s consent was required but
not given. Appellant’s App. v. II at 15. Therefore, under Indiana Code Section
31-19-10-6(2)(A)(ii), the trial court was required to dismiss the adoption
petitions. The trial court did so in its order of August 30, 2022.
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[17] Father asserts that the trial court waited too long to dismiss the adoption
petitions. However, he cites to no legal authority imposing a time limit for the
dismissal, and we find none. Moreover, even assuming for the sake of
argument only that the trial court erred by waiting until August of 2022 to
dismiss the adoption petitions, Father has failed to show that he suffered any
harm from that delay. See Ind. Trial R. 61 (providing no error in any ruling or
order is grounds for reversal on appeal unless the error was “inconsistent with
substantial justice” and “affect[ed] the substantial rights of the parties”).
[18] Indiana law clearly requires that, after an adoption petition is dismissed, the
trial court “shall determine the person who should have custody of the child.”
I.C. § 31-19-11-5(a). It is also clear that Stepfather had “temporary custody [of
Children] until further order of the court,” i.e., pending a final custody decision.
August 2, 2019, order of the trial court.4 The latter order was still in effect at
the time Father sought dismissal of the adoption petitions following remand
from this Court. Thus, even if the trial court had immediately granted Father’s
July 2021 request to dismiss the adoption petitions, Stepfather still would have
had temporary custody of the children pending the final custody determination
that was issued on August 30, 2022.
[19] Father has failed to cite any legal authority for his assertion that the trial court
should have immediately granted his motion on remand to dismiss the adoption
4
Neither party provided a copy of the August 2, 2019, court order in their appendices on appeal. However,
the order was accessible via Odyssey.
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petitions, and he has failed to show any harm from the delay in dismissing
those petitions.
Custody Determination
[20] Father appeals the custody determination. Our standard of review in custody
matters is well-settled: custody “determinations are within the trial court’s
discretion and will not be disturbed except for an abuse of discretion.” Blasius v.
Wilhoff, 863 N.E.2d 1223, 1229 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. In
determining whether the court abused its discretion, “[w]e will consider the
evidence most favorable to the judgment with all reasonable inferences drawn
in favor of the judgment, and we will not reweigh the evidence nor will we
reassess the credibility of witnesses.” Matter of Guardianship of I.R., 77 N.E.3d
810, 813 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017).
[21] In addition, where there are findings of fact and conclusions thereon, as there
are here,
we first determine whether the evidence supports the findings and
then whether findings support the judgment. On appeal we shall
not set aside the findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous,
and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court
to judge the credibility of the witnesses. A judgment is clearly
erroneous when there is no evidence supporting the findings or
the findings fail to support the judgment. A judgment is also
clearly erroneous when the trial court applies the wrong legal
standard to properly found facts.
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K.I. ex rel J.I. v. J.H., 903 N.E.2d 453, 457 (Ind. 2009) (quotations and citations
omitted).
[22] As Father notes, in a custody dispute between a third party and a natural
parent, there is a presumption that custody with the natural parent is in a child’s
best interest. See, e.g., In re Guardianship of B.H., 770 N.E.2d 283, 287 (Ind.
2002). To overcome this presumption and place a child “in the custody of a
person other than the natural parent, a trial court must be satisfied by clear and
convincing evidence that the best interests of the child require such a
placement.” Id. That is, the trial court “must be convinced placement with a
person other than the natural parent represents a substantial and significant
advantage to the child.” Id. The burden of proof is on the third party, and, if
the third party meets that burden, “then custody of the child remains in the
third party. Otherwise, custody must be modified in favor of the child’s natural
parent.” K.I., 903 N.E.2d at 461.
[23] In making the custody determination between a natural parent and a third
party, the trial court may be guided by the “three step approach” outlined in
Hendrickson v. Binkley, 316 N.E.2d 376, 380 (Ind. Ct. App. 1974) (abrogation on
other grounds recognized by Riggs v. Riggs, 77 N.E.3d 792, 795 (Ind. Ct. App.
2017), trans. denied):
First, it is presumed it will be in the best interests of the child to
be placed in the custody of the natural parent. Secondly, to rebut
this presumption it must be shown by the attacking party that
there is, (a) unfitness, (b) long acquiescence, or (c) voluntary
relinquishment such that the affections of the child and third
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party have become so interwoven that to sever them would
seriously mar and endanger the future happiness of the child.
The third step is that upon a showing of one of these above three
factors, then it will be in the best interests of the child to be
placed with the third party.
B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 286 (quoting Hendrickson).
[24] Father asserts that the trial court erred because it did not base its custody
determination on the standard articulated in Hendrickson, above. However, our
Supreme Court has made it clear that the trial court is not limited to the
Hendrickson three-step approach when making its determination. Id. at 288.
Rather, in determining the best interest of the child, the trial court must also
consider the relevant statutory custody factors. In this case, those factors can be
found at Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8 and include:5
(1) The age and sex of the child.
(2) The wishes of the child’s parent or parents.
(3) The wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the
child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age.
5
Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8 relates to initial custody determinations, and Indiana Code Section 31-17-
2-21 relates to modification of custody determinations. As the trial court noted, our Supreme Court has held
that “the distinctions between the statutory factors required to obtain initial custody and those required for a
subsequent custody modification are not significant enough to justify substantially different approaches in
resolving custody disputes. Instead[,] both require a determination of the child’s best interest, and both
require consideration of certain relevant factors.” K.I., 903 N.E.2d at 460.
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(4) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with:
(A) the child’s parent or parents;
(B) the child’s sibling; and
(C) any other person who may significantly affect the
child’s best interests.
(5) The child’s adjustment to the child’s:
(A) home;
(B) school; and
(C) community.
(6) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved.
(7) Evidence of a pattern of domestic or family violence by either
parent.
(8) Evidence that the child has been cared for by a de facto
custodian, and if the evidence is sufficient, the court shall
consider the factors described in section 8.5(b) of this chapter.
(9) A designation in a power of attorney of:
(A) the child’s parent; or
(B) a person found to be a de facto custodian of the child.
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[25] The trial court did not abuse its discretion or clearly err in its findings applying
the above statutory custody standard. The trial court noted that Children were
thirteen and twelve years old, and both consistently expressed strong wishes to
remain in the custody of Stepfather, with parenting time to Father. As to
Children’s relationship with Father, the court noted the GAL testimony and
report from December 6, 2019, in which the GAL stated Children were in fear
of Father’s temper and uncomfortable with some of his behaviors such as
drinking alcohol and hitting Children with a belt as punishment. However, the
GAL’s more recent reports noted that Father had ceased using physical
punishment on Children.
[26] On the other hand, the court noted Children had strong, close relationships
with Stepfather; their little sister, A.M.; and their maternal grandmother, all of
whom lived with them in Indiana. Children had been living with Stepfather
since they were four and three years old. During that time, Stepfather provided
for Children financially and was a “constant presence in their lives[,] …
encourage[ing] them in their school work and extracurricular activities.”
Appealed Order at 11. Children are “able to talk to [Stepfather] and share their
concerns and worries with him.” Id. In contrast, Children did not believe they
could share their feelings with Father, including their fear of physical
punishment and retaliation for reporting such punishment and their feelings
about Mother and her death.
[27] Maternal grandmother was also a “constant presence in the children’s lives,”
and Children described her as “an integral part of their lives.” Id. at 12. And
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the GAL described Children’s relationship with A.M. as “close, supportive, and
loving.” Id. Both Children wished to live with A.M. and maternal
grandmother at Stepfather’s home in Indiana.
[28] The trial court also found that Children were very well adjusted to their home,
school, and community in Westfield, Indiana. Children did well in school, had
friends and “good social skills,” and engaged in extracurricular activities. Id.
Children were also in “good mental” and physical health, despite their grief
over their Mother’s death. Id. at 13. Stepfather also appeared to be “well
adjusted.” Id.
[29] The trial court found that it had “very little information to form an opinion of
Father’s mental health or physical health,” but noted he was “described to the
GAL by others as being angry, aggressive, and impulsive.” Id. at 14. The court
also noted that Father “appears to have little regard for or understanding of the
impact” of involving Children in the custody proceedings and “frequently
discussed issues about the case with them.” Id. The court found that Father’s
relationship with Mother involved domestic violence and Father’s second
marriage was also described by his second wife as “violent.” Id. at 15.
[30] Given the above evidence, the trial court found that the best interests of the
children factors contained in the custody statute weighed in favor of granting
custody to Stepfather and parenting time to Father. The court found,
based on the evidence before it and the actions of the litigants,
[Children] will significantly benefit from a closer relationship
with those important to them, Sister, Stepfather, Maternal
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[Grandparents]…, Father, their friends, and fellow church
members which is demonstrably more likely to be fostered by an
award of custody to Stepfather. This is a significant advantage
that cannot be duplicated in Father’s custody.
Id. at 21.
[31] The court held that the presumption in favor of Father “has been rebutted by
the clear and convincing evidence.” Id. at 19. In reaching that conclusion, the
trial court noted:
[a]fter watching Father and listening to him and reviewing all the
evidence presented[,] this Court simply cannot find Father to be
credible. He presents one conveniently rosey [sic] view of his
circumstances and life in Texas that is not what is seen by the
GAL at her visit, it is not supported by the statements of his own
sons, it is not reflected in his actions in this cause of action, and it
is not supported by his own collateral contacts who[,] instead of
describing him as a good a[nd] loving father[,] describe him as
violent and aggressive. On the other hand, the Court does find
the Stepfather to be credible.
Id. at 20.
[32] Those findings were supported by clear and convincing evidence, and the trial
court’s judgment was supported by those findings.6 Father’s contentions to the
6
The trial court also found that Stepfather and Maternal Grandmother were de facto custodians of Children
and applied the de facto custodian factors outlined in Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8.5. However, the
evidence does not support that finding. The court noted that Maternal Grandmother, “on occasion,” had
cared for Children for “several months.” Appealed Order at 15-16. The court found that Stepfather had
cared for Children “for a period of approximately 6 weeks prior to initiation of this action” and consistently
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contrary are requests that we reweigh the evidence and judge witness
credibility, which we may not do. See I.R., 77 N.E.3d at 813.
Conclusion
[33] Even assuming, without deciding, that the trial court erred in delaying dismissal
of the adoption petitions, such error was harmless and not a basis for reversal.
Further, the trial court’s relevant custody findings were supported by clear and
convincing evidence, and those findings support the final custody
determination.
[34] Affirmed.
Brown, J., and Weissmann, J., concur.
since the action. Id. at 16. However, a de facto custodian is defined, in relevant part, as “a person who has
been the primary caregiver for, and financial support of, a child who has resided with the person for at least:
… one (1) year if the child is at least three (3) years of age.” I.C. § 31-9-2-35.5. The one-year period does not
include “[a]ny period after a child custody proceeding has been commenced[.]” Id. The evidence cited by
the trial court does not support a finding that Maternal Grandmother or Stepfather were de facto custodians
as they had not been the “primary caregiver” for children for at least one year, exclusive of the period
following initiation of custody proceedings. However, we note that this error was harmless, as application of
the relevant custody factors cited above support the trial court’s custody determination.
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W K v. T M
Combined Opinion