Appellate Case: 21-7053 Document: 010110783911 Date Filed: 12/15/2022 Page: 1
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 15, 2022
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 21-7053
(D.C. No. 6:20-CR-00071-RAW-1)
DEMARCO LATREL PATTERSON, (E.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before MATHESON, CARSON, and ROSSMAN, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Demarco Patterson entered a conditional plea to sexual abuse of a minor in Indian
country. He appeals on two grounds.
First, he contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress
evidence derived from a search warrant and his arrest. He argues the state judge who
issued the warrant and the sheriff’s deputy who executed it and arrested him lacked
jurisdiction to do so, and that the district court erred in applying the good-faith exception
to the exclusionary rule to deny the motion.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
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Second, he argues the district court erred in imposing a sentencing enhancement
under United States Sentencing Guideline (“U.S.S.G.”) § 2A3.2(b)(2)(ii) for unduly
influencing the minor victim of his offense to engage in prohibited sexual conduct.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), we
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Investigation and Arrest of Mr. Patterson
On June 22, 2019, Matt Youngblood, a deputy with the McIntosh County
Sheriff’s Office, was dispatched to a home in Checotah, Oklahoma to investigate a
report of sexual assault. There, a 14-year-old told him that earlier that day, she used
a friend’s phone to communicate with Mr. Patterson, who promised to give her a cell
phone. When they met, he drove her to a secluded road and had sex with her.
After taking the minor’s statement, Deputy Youngblood accompanied her to
the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Department of Health for a sexual assault nurse
examination (“SANE”). The resulting SANE report recorded the results of the
examination. It also contained details elicited from the juvenile, including a written
statement from her about the encounter with Mr. Patterson. The report noted that
multiple swabs were taken from the juvenile.
On June 27, 2019, based on the information he obtained through his
investigation, Deputy Youngblood prepared an affidavit in support of a search
warrant to collect DNA from Mr. Patterson. In the affidavit, Deputy Youngblood
said “that collecting DNA from the person of Demarco Patterson . . . will aid in
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verifying the information [the juvenile] provided to law enforcement about the sexual
assault.” ROA, Vol. I at 207. Also on June 27, a state court judge issued a search
warrant to take “[b]uccal swabs from the person of Demarco L. Patterson.” Id.
at 208.
On July 1, 2019, Mr. Patterson, who was 23 years old, consented to meet with
Deputy Youngblood at the Checotah Police Department. Deputy Youngblood read
him his Miranda rights, and Mr. Patterson agreed to speak. Although Mr. Patterson
at first denied the sexual encounter, he eventually admitted to engaging in sexual acts
with the 14-year-old and corroborated her account. Deputy Youngblood next asked
Mr. Patterson to prepare a written statement, provided him a form, and left the room.
Mr. Patterson wrote the statement, admitting again to engaging in sexual acts with
the victim. A copy of his statement is included below:
3
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Where the form included a designation for race, Mr. Patterson circled “B,”
indicating he is Black. See ROA, Vol. I at 205. Although Mr. Patterson is a member
of the Muscogee (Creek) Tribe, he did not circle “I” on the form to indicate that he is
a member of an Indian tribe.
While Mr. Patterson prepared his written statement, Deputy Youngblood
contacted his supervisor, who advised that Mr. Patterson’s oral statements provided
sufficient probable cause for arrest. Deputy Youngblood then informed Mr.
Patterson that he had a search warrant for DNA evidence and collected buccal swabs
from him. After collecting DNA, Deputy Youngblood placed Mr. Patterson under
arrest and transported him to jail, where jail personnel collected the clothes Mr.
Patterson had worn to the police department.
Procedural History
The State of Oklahoma charged Mr. Patterson with rape in the second degree.
Before Mr. Patterson’s trial date, the United States Supreme Court decided McGirt v.
Oklahoma, 140 S. Ct. 2452 (2020), holding that Congress had not disestablished the
Muscogee (Creek) Reservation. Id. at 2459. In light of McGirt, the Court affirmed
our decision in Murphy v. Royal, 875 F.3d 896 (10th Cir. 2017), aff’d, 140 S. Ct.
2412 (2020), which held the same. Based on McGirt, the State dismissed the case
against Mr. Patterson because he is a member of the Muscogee (Creek) Tribe, the
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alleged crime was committed in Indian country, and thus the federal government, not
the State, had jurisdiction.1
A federal grand jury then indicted Mr. Patterson for sexual abuse of a minor in
Indian country in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1151, 1153, 2243(a), and 2246(2)(A).2
He moved to suppress the evidence collected by Deputy Youngblood and the jail
personnel, arguing that the search and arrest violated his Fourth Amendment rights
because the alleged offense occurred in Indian country and thus was beyond the
State’s jurisdiction.
A federal magistrate judge recommended that the district court deny in part
and grant in part the motion to suppress. She concluded (1) both the search and
arrest had violated the Fourth Amendment, (2) the DNA evidence was nonetheless
admissible because Deputy Youngblood had acted in good faith in executing the
search warrant,3 and (3) the good-faith exception did not apply to warrantless arrests.
1
The record showed and the district court found that Deputy Youngblood had
not been cross-deputized to exercise law enforcement authority on the Muscogee
(Creek) Reservation.
2
The Major Crimes Act provides that “[a]ny Indian who commits” certain
enumerated offenses within “Indian country” “shall be subject to the same law and
penalties as all other persons committing any of [those] offenses, within the exclusive
jurisdiction of the United States.” 18 U.S.C. § 1153(a). “Indian country” includes
“all land within the limits of any Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the
United States Government.” Id. § 1151. One of the Act’s offenses is “assault against
an individual who has not attained the age of 16 years.” Id. § 1153(a).
3
There is no evidence in the record about the results of any DNA analysis.
5
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The magistrate judge thus recommended suppression of the clothing collected
incident to arrest but not the DNA evidence collected pursuant to the search warrant.
On review of the magistrate judge’s Findings and Recommendations, the
district court agreed that the search warrant and arrest violated the Fourth
Amendment, but denied the motion to suppress in its entirety. It determined that the
good-faith exception applied to the evidence from both the search warrant and the
arrest.
Mr. Patterson pled guilty as charged to sexual abuse of a minor in Indian
country. As a condition of his plea, he preserved the right to challenge the court’s
denial of his motion to suppress. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a)(2). At sentencing, the
court applied a four-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2(b)(2)(ii), finding that
Mr. Patterson exercised undue influence over a minor to engage in prohibited sexual
conduct. It sentenced Mr. Patterson to 38 months in prison to be followed by five
years of supervised release.
II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
On appeal, Mr. Patterson asserts that the district court erred in its application
of the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule and refusal to suppress evidence
from the search warrant and arrest.
A. Search Warrant Evidence
We affirm the district court’s application of the good-faith exception to the
DNA evidence collected pursuant to the search warrant.
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Standard of Review
“In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the district court’s
factual findings unless clearly erroneous.” United States v. Hammond, 890 F.3d 901,
905 (10th Cir. 2018). In conducting our review, we “view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the determination of the district court.” United States v. Johnson,
43 F.4th 1100, 1107 (10th Cir. 2022) (quotations omitted). We review de novo
whether the district court correctly applied the good faith exception. United States v.
Workman, 863 F.3d 1313, 1317 (10th Cir. 2017).
Legal Background
a. The exclusionary rule and deterrence
The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from “unreasonable searches and
seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV.4 “[E]vidence obtained in violation of the Fourth
Amendment is generally inadmissible” under the exclusionary rule. United States v.
Wagner, 951 F.3d 1232, 1243 (10th Cir. 2020) (quotations omitted). “The
exclusionary rule operates as a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard
against future violations of Fourth Amendment rights through the rule’s general
deterrent effect.” Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. 1, 10 (1995); see United States v.
Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 348 (1974).
4
Through its incorporation in the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fourth
Amendment applies to searches and seizures conducted by state officers. See Mapp v.
Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655 (1961).
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A major purpose of the exclusionary rule is thus to deter unreasonable searches
and seizures. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 12 (1968) (the rule’s “major thrust is a
deterrent one”); Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 217 (1960) (the rule’s “purpose is
to deter”). The Supreme Court has said it is applicable only “where its deterrence
benefits outweigh its ‘substantial social costs.’” Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and
Parole v. Scott, 524 U.S. 357, 363 (1998). In Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135
(2009), the Court declared: “To trigger the exclusionary rule, police conduct must be
sufficiently deliberate that exclusion can meaningfully deter it, and sufficiently culpable
that such deterrence is worth the price paid by the justice system.” Id. at 144. The rule
“serves to deter deliberate, reckless, or grossly negligent conduct, or . . . recurring or
systemic negligence.” Id.
b. The good-faith exception
The Supreme Court first recognized the good-faith exception to the
exclusionary rule in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984). Leon held that
evidence should not be excluded “when an officer acting with objective good faith
has obtained a search warrant from a judge or magistrate and acted within its scope.”
Id. at 920.5 “The rationale behind the exception is that when an officer acts in
5
Leon identified five instances in which the good-faith exception to the
exclusionary rule cannot apply:
1. the magistrate judge “was misled by information in an affidavit that the
affiant knew was false or would have known was false except for his
reckless disregard of the truth;”
2. the “magistrate [judge] wholly abandoned his judicial role;”
3. the “warrant [was] based on an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable
cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable;”
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good-faith reliance on a search warrant, the deterrence rationale of the exclusionary
rule is no longer applicable.” United States v. Pacheco, 884 F.3d 1031, 1045
(10th Cir. 2018).
Whether the good-faith exception applies in a particular case turns on whether
“a reasonably well trained officer would have known that the search was illegal in
light of all the circumstances,” Herring, 555 U.S. at 145 (quoting Leon, 468 U.S.
at 922 n.23)—in the case of a defective warrant, whether the officer “would have
known the warrant was invalid despite the . . . judge’s authorization,” Workman,
863 F.3d at 1320. “These circumstances frequently include a particular officer’s
knowledge and experience . . . .” Herring, 555 U.S. at 145.
“When an officer searches pursuant to a warrant, Leon generally requires we
presume the officer acted in good-faith reliance upon the warrant.” United States v.
Campbell, 603 F.3d 1218, 1225 (10th Cir. 2010). Reliance upon a warrant issued by
a neutral magistrate thus creates a “presumption . . . [that] the officer is acting in
good faith.” United States v. Cardall, 773 F.2d 1128, 1133 (10th Cir. 1985) (citing
Leon, 468 U.S. at 925-26).
4. the “warrant [was] so facially deficient—i.e., in failing to particularize the
place to be searched or the things to be seized—that the executing officers
c[ould not] reasonably presume it to be valid;” or
5. the officer obtained the warrant based on a “bare bones affidavit and then
rel[ied] on colleagues . . . ignorant of the circumstances under which the
warrant was obtained to conduct the search.”
Id. at 923 & n.24 (quotations omitted). None of these instances occurred here.
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The good-faith presumption is not absolute. See United States v. Danhauer,
229 F.3d 1002, 1007 (10th Cir. 2000) (noting exceptions to the presumption). An
“officer’s reliance on the defective warrant still must be objectively reasonable.”
United States v. Russian, 848 F.3d 1239, 1246 (10th Cir. 2017). But it is “only when
an officer’s reliance on [a] warrant is wholly unwarranted that good faith is absent,
and the evidence acquired should be suppressed.” Pacheco, 884 F.3d at 1045
(quotations omitted); see also United States v. Master, 614 F.3d 236, 239 (6th Cir.
2010). Thus, evidence is admissible when the police “act with an objectively
reasonable good-faith belief that their conduct is lawful or when their conduct
involves only simple, isolated negligence.” Workman, 863 F.3d at 1317 (quotations
omitted); accord Pacheco, 884 F.3d at 1046; see also Wagner, 951 F.3d at 1244.
c. Search warrants issued without jurisdiction
Courts have applied the good-faith exception in a variety of circumstances,
including when a judge lacked jurisdiction to approve a search warrant. In Workman, a
federal magistrate judge in the Eastern District of Virginia issued a search warrant that
authorized the FBI to install software on a server located in the district. 863 F.3d
at 1315-16. The software enabled investigators to identify users from throughout the
country who accessed the server to view child pornography. Id. One of the identified
users was Mr. Workman in Colorado, who consequently faced federal child pornography
charges. Id. at 1316. We held the evidence derived through the software was admissible
under the good-faith exception. Id. at 1317.
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We assumed without deciding that the warrant exceeded the magistrate judge's
jurisdiction because it authorized the search of computers located outside the Eastern
District of Virginia. Id. at 1321.6 But we determined the executing agents relied on the
warrant in good faith. Id. at 1320-21. They knew the software would be installed on
servers in the jurisdiction where both the magistrate judge was located and any
identifying information would be retrieved. Id. at 1320. Because we did “not expect [the
agents] to understand [the] legal nuances” of a magistrate judge’s jurisdiction, we
concluded they reasonably relied on the warrant's authorization to install the software.
Id. at 1321. We applied the good-faith exception to allow use of evidence from this
warrant again in United States v. Cookson, 922 F.3d 1079, 1090 (10th Cir. 2019), and in
Wagner, 951 F.3d at 1244-46.
Analysis
The district court denied Mr. Patterson’s motion to suppress DNA evidence
because Deputy Youngblood had relied in good faith on the warrant to collect it. We
affirm this application of the good-faith exception.
6
Subject to limited exceptions, magistrate judges may issue warrants to seize
evidence located only in their districts. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(a)(1) (granting
magistrate judges authority “within the district in which sessions are held by the
court that appointed the magistrate judge”); Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(b) (authorizing
magistrate judges “to issue a warrant to search for and seize a person or property
located within [their] district” and outlining exceptions).
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a. The good-faith exception may apply to this case
As in Workman, Cookson, and Wagner, we hold the good-faith exception may
apply. In those cases, we assumed a federal magistrate judge lacked jurisdiction to issue
the search warrant. Here, under McGirt, the search warrant exceeded the state judge’s
jurisdiction—it authorized Deputy Youngblood, a state law enforcement officer, to
collect a DNA sample from Mr. Patterson, a tribal member, for investigation of a crime
that occurred in Indian country.
Although a state judge rather than a federal magistrate judge issued the search
warrant here, we see no reason the good-faith exception should not apply in both
instances where the issuing judge lacked jurisdiction. Leon established that the
good-faith exception applied to invalid state-issued warrants used in federal prosecutions.
468 U.S. at 903. And the Sixth Circuit has held that the good-faith exception applies to
evidence collected pursuant to a warrant that the state judge lacked jurisdiction to issue.
United States v. Master, 614 F.3d 236, 243 (6th Cir. 2010), accord United States v.
Moorehead, 912 F.3d 963, 969 (6th Cir. 2019).7
7
In Master, a state court judge issued a search warrant for a property located
in a neighboring county where he lacked jurisdiction. Id. at 238. Officers executing
the warrant discovered contraband. The defendant later moved to suppress that
evidence from use in his federal prosecution. Id. The Sixth Circuit held the good-
faith exception could apply when the state judge issued a warrant beyond his
jurisdiction. It remanded to the district court to evaluate whether officers had relied
on the faulty warrant in good faith. Id. at 243.
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b. The district court properly applied the good-faith exception
Under Leon, we must presume that Deputy Youngblood “acted in good-faith
reliance upon the warrant” when he collected the DNA evidence. Campbell,
603 F.3d at 1225. The record provides no basis to conclude otherwise. Nothing in
the record suggests that the warrant was “facially deficient” such that Deputy
Youngblood could not presume its validity. Leon, 468 U.S. at 923. As far as he was
concerned, he obtained an objectively valid warrant from a state court judge and
executed it in good faith.
Mr. Patterson’s contention that Deputy Youngblood knew or should have
known the warrant was defective because Murphy had been decided two years earlier
is unpersuasive. When Deputy Youngblood obtained and executed the warrant,
“Oklahoma’s long historical prosecutorial practice” was for state law enforcement to
investigate crimes on the land where the offense here occurred and to prosecute them
in state court. McGirt, 140 S.Ct. at 2470. And Oklahoma courts, including the
district court in this case, did not regard Murphy as binding because the Tenth
Circuit’s mandate in that case had not issued.8 At most, this shows that a reasonably
well-trained officer in Deputy Youngblood’s position might have been confused
8
See, e.g., McGirt v. Oklahoma, Case No. PC-2018-1057 (Okla. Crim. App.,
Feb. 25, 2019) (unpublished) (“Murphy is not a final decision and Petitioner has cited
no other authority that refutes the jurisdictional provisions of the Oklahoma
Constitution.”), see also Bosse v. State, 499 P.3d 771, 774 (Okla. Crim. App. 2021),
cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 1136 (2022) (“[N]o final decision of an Oklahoma or federal
appellate court had recognized any of the Five Tribes’ historic reservations as Indian
Country prior to McGirt in 2020.”).
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about state authority over Mr. Patterson and his offense, but it hardly evinces bad
faith.
And the record shows that a reasonable officer in Deputy Youngblood’s
position would not have been confused. At the suppression hearing, he testified that
his training and supervisors instructed him that sheriff’s deputies “had jurisdiction
within McIntosh County.” ROA, Vol. 1 at 136. At the training academy in 2019, he
first heard about Murphy “[v]ery briefly,” was told it “was about jurisdictional
issues,” and was not told it “impacted [his] jurisdiction in any way.” Id.
at 137. When asked at the suppression hearing whether he could “have chosen not to
investigate the allegations against Mr. Patterson that he committed the crime on
non-Indian land,” Deputy Youngblood said, “No, I had a legal obligation,” and that
he “would have been reprimanded” had he refused to investigate. Id. at 151. He
reasonably understood that he “was investigating a state crime at that time” id.
at 170, and that “the crime didn’t occur on Indian restricted land,” id. at 173.
We do not ordinarily expect police officers to act contrary to their training and
supervisors,9 nor to second-guess the legal conclusions of judges. See Workman,
863 F.3d at 1321. Any error with the search warrant came from the state judge who
9
At the suppression hearing, Deputy Youngblood’s supervisor testified that he
did not think that McIntosh County was Indian country following Murphy and that if
a sheriff’s deputy had refused to investigate a crime occurring on non-Indian territory
“he would have been reprimanded and possibly sent over to the district attorney for
failure to protect, failure to act.” ROA, Vol. I at 122-23.
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issued it,10 not Deputy Youngblood, who reasonably relied on the state court to issue
a valid warrant. See United States v. Herrera, 444 F.3d 1238, 1249 (10th Cir. 2006)
(explaining that suppression is not appropriate when the officer relies in good-faith on a
third party’s mistake).11
Deputy Youngblood’s actions in applying for the warrant further demonstrate
that he acted in objective good faith. He submitted an affidavit that recounted the
victim’s statement, and the state judge found probable cause and issued the warrant.
When Deputy Youngblood applied for the search warrant, nothing in the record
shows that he knew Mr. Patterson was a member of the Muscogee (Creek) Tribe.12
10
The Supreme Court has said the exclusionary rule is designed “to deter
police misconduct,” Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340, 348 (1987) (quoting Leon,
468 U.S. at 916), and there is “no sound reason to apply the exclusionary rule as a
means of deterring misconduct on the part of judicial officers who are responsible for
issuing warrants,” Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. at 11. In Davis v. United States,
564 U.S. 229 (2011), the Court applied the good-faith exception to officers
conducting a search in reliance on “binding appellate precedent.” Id. at 241.
11
The district court rejected that this court’s Murphy decision in 2017 had any
bearing on whether Deputy Youngblood acted with a good-faith belief that Mr.
Patterson’s conduct occurred under state jurisdiction. It reasoned that because the
mandate in Murphy had been stayed pending Supreme Court review, the decision was
not binding precedent until 2020 when the Court decided McGirt and affirmed
Murphy. We reserve to another day the issue of whether the district court’s view of
the binding effect of a decision of this court when the mandate has not issued is
correct. We need not resolve that question to reach the good-faith issue in this case.
12
Deputy Youngblood’s lack of knowledge distinguishes this case from United
States v. Baker, 894 F.2d 1144 (10th Cir. 1990). There, we found that a state officer
executing a state-issued warrant on the property of a tribal member in Indian country
did not act in good faith because the search affidavit revealed that the officer knew
the “two crucial facts undermining the state court’s authority to issue the warrant”
and sought it anyway. Id. at 1148-49.
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When executing the warrant, he had reason to believe Mr. Patterson was not a tribal
member because Mr. Patterson had not mentioned his tribal membership during the
interview and did not designate his race as Indian on the form for his written
statement.
Finally, application of the good-faith exception here comports with the
deterrence purpose of the exclusionary rule. That is, the evidence should not be
excluded because there was no misconduct to deter. See Herring, 555 U.S. at 141.
Deputy Youngblood did not act with knowing or reckless disregard of the search
warrant’s jurisdictional invalidity. Excluding the evidence thus would not satisfy the
primary purpose of the exclusionary rule, see id. at 144, which applies only when it
“result[s] in appreciable deterrence,” Leon, 468 U.S. at 909 (quoting United States v.
Janis, 428 U.S. 433, 454 (1976)).
Deputy Youngblood relied in good faith on the search warrant that authorized
him to collect Mr. Patterson’s DNA evidence. Even assuming the state judge lacked
jurisdiction to issue the search warrant, the evidence collected was admissible under
the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule. The district court did not err in
denying suppression of the search warrant evidence.
B. Incident to Arrest Evidence
Mr. Patterson also appeals the district court’s denial of his request to suppress
the evidence collected following his arrest. His challenge fails because he has
waived the issue of whether the good-faith exception may apply as a legal matter to a
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warrantless arrest,13 and as with the search warrant evidence, he has not shown the
district court erred in holding the arrest evidence was collected in objective good
faith.
Waiver of Legal Issue
In his brief, Mr. Patterson mostly fails to separate his arrest evidence
arguments from his search warrant evidence arguments. When he specifically
addresses the arrest, he does not argue, as the magistrate judge recommended,14 that
the good-faith exception does not apply to evidence collected from an arrest without
a warrant. Instead, he (1) briefly discusses the circumstances surrounding the arrest,
Aplt. Br. at 20-21; (2) quotes from the magistrate judge’s Findings and
Recommendations, id. at 10-11, 22; (3) notes the district court’s agreement with the
magistrate judge that the arrest violated the Fourth Amendment, id. at 22-23; and
(4) then argues, again conflating the arrest and the search warrant evidence, that “the
13
Mr. Patterson’s arrest was both without a warrant and without jurisdiction.
See Ross v. Neff, 905 F.2d 1349, 1354 (10th Cir. 1990) (holding that “[a] warrantless
arrest executed” in Indian country “outside of the arresting officer’s jurisdiction is
analogous to a warrantless arrest without probable cause”). This more complete
description does not alter the waiver analysis presented here, so we use the shorthand
“warrantless arrest.”
14
The magistrate judge declined to consider whether the evidence collected
incident to Mr. Patterson’s arrest qualified for the good-faith exception to the
exclusionary rule, stating that “no exception has been recognized for good faith to
rescue the warrantless arrest.” ROA, Vol. I at 106. The district court disagreed.
17
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salient facts in the instant case” did not justify application of the good-faith exception
to deny the motion to suppress, id. at 23-24.15
In short, Mr. Patterson fails to address in his opening brief (he did not file a
reply brief) whether the good-faith exception may apply to a warrantless arrest.16 He
has waived the issue. As we stated in United States v. Fisher, 805 F.3d 982, 991
(10th Cir. 2015):
While the “omission of an issue in an opening brief generally
forfeits appellate consideration of that issue,” Kitchen v.
Herbert, 755 F.3d 1193, 1208 (10th Cir. 2014) (quotation
omitted), it is equally true that an “issue mentioned in a brief
on appeal, but not addressed, is waived,” Utah Envtl. Cong. v.
Bosworth, 439 F.3d 1184, 1194 n. 2 (10th Cir. 2006); see also
Muscogee (Creek) Nation v. Pruitt, 669 F.3d 1159, 1166
(10th Cir. 2012) (“[I]ssues designated for review are lost if
they are not actually argued in the party's brief.” (quotations
omitted)).
See SCO Grp., Inc. v. Novell, Inc., 578 F.3d 1201, 1226 (10th Cir. 2009) (“An issue or
argument insufficiently raised in a party’s opening brief is deemed waived.”); Silverton
15
In his “Summary of the Argument,” Mr. Patterson does not argue the
good-faith exception does not apply to a warrantless arrest as a matter of law.
Instead, he says, “The issue in the case is whether, a county deputy’s illegal arrest
outside his jurisdiction is entitled to a good-faith exception under all of the factual
circumstances of this case.” Aplt. Br. at 6 (emphasis added).
16
Although we rely on appellate waiver, we also note that Mr. Patterson did
not pursue this argument in district court. It was absent from his (1) motion to
suppress evidence, ROA, Vol. 1 at 15-26; (2) reply to the Government’s response to
his motion to suppress, id. at 65-73; (3) statements at the motion to suppress hearing,
id. at 112-79; (4) objections to the magistrate judge’s Findings and
Recommendations, id. at 213-47; and (5) response to the Government’s objections to
the magistrate’s Findings and Recommendations, id. at 262-72.
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Snowmobile Club v. U.S. Forest Serv., 433 F.3d 772, 783 (10th Cir. 2006) (“[W]e have
held that the failure to raise an issue in an opening brief waives that issue.” (brackets and
quotations omitted)).
Although we have the discretion to reach an issue that has been waived, see
United States v. McGehee, 672 F.3d 860, 873 n.5 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[W]e are not obliged
to apply forfeiture principles to [a party’s] briefing omission; such decisions are
discretionary.”), we decline to do so here. See also United States v. Rodebaugh, 798 F.3d
1281, 1314 (10th Cir. 2015). Whether the good-faith exception should apply to evidence
collected from a warrantless arrest is a significant Fourth Amendment issue that this
circuit has not squarely addressed. But neither the magistrate judge nor the district court
offered more than limited analysis of this issue, and we lack the benefit of adequate
briefing on it from the parties. Under these circumstances, we leave this issue for a more
appropriately preserved and presented case.
Evidence Collected with Objective Good Faith17
Without deciding, due to Mr. Patterson’s waiver, whether the good-faith exception
may apply to evidence collected incident to a warrantless arrest, we consider Mr.
Patterson’s argument that the exception should not be recognized in this instance because
Deputy Youngblood acted in “deliberate disregard” of the Fourth Amendment. 18 Aplt.
17
Judge Rossman, having determined that the preceding discussion of waiver
in II.B.1. resolves the arrest warrant evidence issue, does not join this section, II.B.2.
18
Mr. Patterson’s argument that the evidence should be excluded because
Deputy Youngblood did not act in good faith implies that the good-faith exception is
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Br. at 18. We disagree. Applying the standard of review stated above for the search
warrant evidence, we hold the district court did not err in deciding that the arrest was
conducted and the evidence was collected in objective good faith. Deputy Youngblood
reasonably believed he had probable cause to make the arrest based on the oral and
written statements from both the victim and Mr. Patterson. A reasonable officer in
Deputy Youngblood’s position, based on his training and instructions from supervisors,
his supervisor’s approval of the arrest, and his reasonable belief that he had jurisdiction to
perform the arrest, would have had an objective good-faith basis to arrest Mr. Patterson.
We therefore affirm the district court’s decision to deny suppression of the
evidence collected incident to the arrest.
III. SENTENCING ENHANCEMENT
Mr. Patterson also challenges the district court’s application of a four-level
undue influence enhancement at sentencing. We conclude that the district court did
not err.
applicable to warrantless arrests, further indicating that he waived any argument that
the exception categorically may not apply.
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A. Additional Background
Legal Background
a. Standard of review
When a defendant makes a procedural challenge to a sentencing enhancement,
we review factual findings for clear error and purely legal questions de novo. See
United States v. McDonald, 43 F.4th 1090, 1095 (10th Cir. 2022).
b. Section 2A3.2(a)
Sentencing Guideline § 2A3.2(a) sets a base offense level of 18 for criminal
sexual abuse of a minor under the age of 16 years (statutory rape) or attempt to
commit such acts. The sentencing court may impose a four-level enhancement if “a
participant unduly influenced the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct.”
U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2(b)(2)(ii).
An Application Note to § 2A3.2 states that in determining whether the undue
influence enhancement applies, “the court should closely consider the facts of the
case to determine whether a participant’s influence over the minor compromised the
voluntariness of the minor’s behavior.” U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2 cmt. 3(B). It further
provides that when “a participant is at least 10 years older than the minor, there shall
be a rebuttable presumption” that the undue influence enhancement applies. Id.
The enhancement covers cases where “coercion, enticement, or other forms of
undue influence by the defendant . . . compromised the voluntariness of the victim’s
behavior and, accordingly, increased the defendant’s culpability for the crime.”
U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2 cmt. background (2000); see also United States v. Castellon,
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213 F. App’x 732, 736 (10th Cir. 2007) (unpublished) (cited as instructive under Fed.
R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A)).
At sentencing, “[t]he government has the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence any findings necessary to support a sentence
enhancement.” United States v. Gambino-Zavala, 539 F.3d 1221, 1228
(10th Cir. 2008).
Procedural Background
The PSR recommended a four-level sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 2A3.2(b)(2) and said that “some degree of undue influence can be presumed
because of the substantial difference in age between the participant and the minor.”
Aplt. Br. at 25 (quoting the PSR). At sentencing, the district court adopted the PSR’s
recommendation. It explained that the enhancement applied based on the following
facts:
(1) Mr. Patterson was approximately nine years and six months older than the
victim,
(2) he offered her a free cell phone if she met him,
(3) he drove her to a secluded dirt road and directed her to perform sexual acts,
(4) the victim had no means to call for help or remove herself, and
(5) the victim told officers that she complied with the directives because she
was not sure what Mr. Patterson would do if she refused.
B. Analysis
The district court did not err by applying the undue influence enhancement.
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At sentencing, the district court considered the victim’s and Mr. Patterson’s
ages, his attempts to gain her trust after she told him she was 14, his promise to buy
her a cell phone, and that Mr. Patterson drove her to a secluded location where they
engaged in sexual acts.
The court’s conclusion that Mr. Patterson unduly influenced the victim
comports with factors courts consider in applying the undue influence enhancement.
See Castellon, 213 F. App’x at 736 (considering that defendant picked up the victim
late at night, drove her to Mexico without identification, and knew that her parents
wanted her to return home in determining undue influence); see also United States v.
Montijo-Maysonet, 974 F.3d 34, 52 (1st Cir. 2020) (finding “ample” proof of undue
influence when defendant offered victim “something to smoke or drink,” brought her
to a secluded motel, and gained her trust even when victim originally planned the
encounter).
The district court did not, as Mr. Patterson contends, rely on the age difference
between the victim and Mr. Patterson to presume undue influence. To the contrary,
the probation office and the court both noted that the presumption did not apply. In
response to Mr. Patterson’s objections to the PSR, the probation officer clarified that
the rebuttable presumption did not apply because Mr. Patterson was not 10 years
older than the victim. See Aplt. Br. at 26. And at sentencing, the district court did
not rely on a presumption. Instead, it properly considered the age difference as one
of many factors in concluding that Mr. Patterson had exerted undue influence over
the victim. See Castellon, 213 F. App’x at 738 n.7 (courts must apply a “totality of
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the circumstances analysis” to establish undue influence); see also United States v.
Carter, 960 F.3d 1007, 1011 (8th Cir. 2020) (considering a nine-year age gap as a
factor in undue influence evaluation).
Mr. Patterson argues the district court failed to consider evidence from the
SANE about the victim’s prior sexual history. Aplt. Br. at 28-29. But the court acted
within its discretion to discount this information as irrelevant. As the Government
notes, see Aplee. Br. at 32, this evidence would have been excluded at trial. See
Fed. R. Evid. 412(a) (prohibiting “evidence offered to prove that a victim engaged in
other sexual behavior” or “to prove a victim’s sexual predisposition” in a “civil or
criminal proceeding involving alleged sexual misconduct”).
Mr. Patterson also argues the district court failed to consider that the victim
asked to meet him in person. According to the victim’s handwritten statement, she
suggested where to meet after Mr. Patterson asked her if she wanted a free cell phone
and called her pretty. But the undue influence enhancement “nominally applies to
consensual sexual acts with a person who has not attained the age of 16 years,” and
recognizes that the victim may have been unduly influenced or coerced by defendant
under those circumstances. U.S.S.G. § 2A3.2 cmt. background (2000).
We conclude that the district court did not err in applying the enhancement and
thus affirm Mr. Patterson’s sentence.
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IV. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s denial of Mr. Patterson’s motion to suppress and
its application of the undue influence sentencing enhancement. We affirm the district
court’s judgment.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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United States v. Patterson
Combined Opinion