Roseberline Turenne v. State of Maryland, No. 714, September Term 2022. Opinion by
Wells, C. J.
CRIMINAL LAW — CHILD PORNOGRAPHY — SEXUAL CONDUCT—
“LASCIVIOUS EXHIBITION OF THE GENITALS” — STANDARD
In 2019, the General Assembly added “lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area
of any person” to its definition of sexual conduct but left the word “lascivious” undefined.
We decline to adopt either the federal courts’ leading definition of the term, or a minority’s
definition. Instead, we adhere to a “totality of the circumstances” approach to determine
whether a photograph depicting a child’s genitals constitutes “lascivious exhibition” as
now codified in the statute.
CRIMINAL LAW — CHILD PORNOGRAPHY — SEXUAL CONDUCT—
“LASCIVIOUS EXHIBITION OF THE GENITALS” — SUFFICIENCY OF THE
EVIDENCE
The evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the State, against the defendant,
Roseberline Turenne, was sufficient to sustain her convictions for child pornography. The
evidence showed that she had taken close-up photographs of the vaginas of several toddlers
who were her charges at a daycare where Ms. Turenne worked under circumstances from
which the jury could rationally infer she derived sexual gratification from the images.
Circuit Court for Wicomico County
Case No. C-22-CR-21-000263
REPORTED
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF MARYLAND*
No. 714
September Term, 2022
______________________________________
ROSEBERLINE TURENNE
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND
______________________________________
Wells, C.J.,
Arthur,
Eyler, James R.
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
______________________________________
Opinion by Wells, C.J.
______________________________________
Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials Filed: June 28, 2023
Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this
document is authentic.
2023-07-18 10:09-04:00
Gregory Hilton, Clerk
*At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional
amendment changing the name of the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland to the
Appellate Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.
This case arises out of the State’s recovery of eight images of children’s genitalia
taken by and stored on the cell phone of appellant, eighteen-year-old Roseberline Turenne.
Turenne was charged in the Circuit Court for Wicomico County with eight counts of sexual
abuse of a minor, eight counts of knowingly allowing a minor to engage as a subject in a
visual representation that depicts a minor engaged as a subject in sexual conduct, and eight
counts of possession of child pornography. A jury convicted Turenne of all counts, and the
court sentenced her to 280 years of incarceration with all but 126 years suspended, followed
by five years of probation, and lifetime registration as a sex offender. Turenne timely
appealed and submits the following issues for our review, which we have slightly
rephrased1:
1. Was the evidence insufficient to sustain Turenne’s convictions?
2. Did the court plainly err by failing to instruct the jury on the meaning of “lascivious
exhibition” relating to the child pornography charges, and “sexual exploitation”
relating to the sexual abuse of a minor charge?
3. Did the court plainly err by allowing the prosecutor to say in closing arguments that
the jury should consider Turenne’s sexual orientation as evidence that she took the
photos for sexual gratification?
For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
1
Turenne’s questions presented, verbatim, read:
1. Was the evidence sufficient to sustain Appellant’s convictions?
2. Did the court plainly err by failing to adequately instruct the jury on the elements of
the offenses?
3. Did the court plainly err by allowing the prosecutor to impermissibly appeal to the
prejudices of the jury by relying on homophobic tropes?
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In June 2021, Turenne worked as a teacher’s aide in the daycare center Stepping
Stones Early Learning Center in Salisbury, Maryland. She worked primarily in a classroom
with toddlers (children ranging in age from approximately fourteen months to two years)
but floated between classes as needed. Turenne’s duties included changing and feeding the
children and getting them ready for naps. She typically worked from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.
There was almost always a senior teacher in the classroom, but teachers would begin to
leave around 4:30 p.m. and children could be picked up as late as 6 p.m. Stepping Stones
employees were prohibited from taking pictures of the children and using their phones
outside of the breakroom.
On June 10, 2021, Turenne was with another aide, Nadasia Miller, in the daycare
center’s breakroom. Turenne handed Miller Turenne’s phone to show her an online adult
pornographic video that Turenne had downloaded to her phone. After watching the video
clip, Miller examined the camera roll on Turenne’s phone and saw multiple pictures of
children’s vaginas. Miller recognized that the images depicted a changing table and a
bathroom in Stepping Stones. Miller did not confront Turenne, but returned Turenne’s
phone to her and immediately reported what she saw to Stepping Stones’ manager, Barbara
Brittingham. Brittingham immediately contacted Child Protective Services.
Detective Rockwell and Social Worker Amy Kelly of the Wicomico County Child
Advocacy Center arrived at Stepping Stones that same afternoon. In an empty room
provided by Brittingham, Detective Rockwell and Kelly interviewed Turenne. With
2
Turenne’s consent, Rockwell took Turenne’s phone and looked through the camera roll
alongside her. He saw the photos that Miller had described. When Detective Rockwell
acknowledged the photos, stating they were of children, Turenne disagreed and said they
were of adults and came from Google. Turenne then stated the photos were from Tik Tok,
or that they had been sent to her and automatically downloaded to her phone through the
application WhatsApp. Sometime after Turenne offered those explanations, Detective
Rockwell left the room and inspected and photographed the changing tables in the daycare
center. He confirmed that they were the same changing tables in the photos on Turenne’s
phone. When Detective Rockwell returned to the room where Turenne and Kelly were still
seated, he asked Turenne if she had taken the photos inside the daycare. Turenne admitted
to taking the photos in the daycare but repeatedly stated she took them “for no reason.”
Trial Court Proceedings
A. Photo Evidence
Turenne was charged in the Circuit Court for Wicomico County with 24 counts
relating to eight images found on her phone: counts 1 through 8 for sexual abuse of a minor,
Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (CR) § 3-602(b)(1); counts 9 through 16 for knowingly
permitting a minor to engage as a subject in a visual representation that depicts a minor
engaged as a subject in sexual conduct, CR § 11-207(a)(1); and counts 17 through 24 for
possession of child pornography, CR § 11-208(b)(2). The eight photos were admitted into
evidence. An extraction of Turenne’s phone’s contents demonstrated that the photos were
taken between February and April 2021, and six of them were taken between 4:30 and 5:30
3
p.m., one at 7:22 p.m., and one at 11:08 a.m. Seven of the photos show the children on the
changing table, and one shows a child standing up. All of the photos had zoomed in to
focus on the children’s unclothed vaginas; none included a child’s face. Turenne testified
to being able to see rashes (or diaper cream she had applied to a rash) in five of the photos.
Conversely, the State, in closing, commented that many of the images do not appear to
show any diaper rash, but acknowledged that was for the jury to review.
B. Testimony
Turenne testified in her own defense. She stated that she took the photos following
a parent’s complaint about a child coming home with diaper rash. Turenne explained that
the purpose of the photos was to demonstrate that the children had diaper rash “before she
came in or before she was leaving.” Turenne explained that she did not tell Detective
Rockwell that she took the photos at Stepping Stones because once he asked her about
child pornography, she became afraid of getting in trouble and getting deported. 2 Turenne
also testified that she had initially thought Detective Rockwell was asking her about the
adult pornographic photos on her phone, which is why she responded that they were not
photos of children but adults. She said the images had come from WhatsApp—an app
where other individuals would send her adult pornographic photos and they would
automatically download to her camera roll.
On cross-examination, Turenne admitted that she would not be able to identify the
children by the faceless photos she took, if a parent was to complain about their child
2
Turenne is a Haitian immigrant.
4
having diaper rash. Turenne also testified that she did not recall any parent approaching
her about diaper rash, and that she did not see diaper rashes on any of the boys, which is
why she only had pictures of girls. She also testified that she had not seen any other staff
taking photos of children’s diaper rash. Turenne stated she did not recall telling Detective
Rockwell that one of the photos of a child on a changing table came from Google, as
Detective Rockwell claimed.
Brittingham also testified. She stated that she had never asked staff to take pictures
to document any diaper rash on children or infants attending the daycare center, and that
doing so would be in violation of the policy forbidding taking pictures of children. She also
testified that she had never reprimanded a teacher or an assistant for a child having a diaper
rash.
Prior to trial, Brittingham provided Detective Rockwell with Turenne’s punch card
documenting her hours, as well as logs of children’s arrivals and departures from the
daycare center and diaper changes for children under two years. Detective Rockwell used
these items to attempt to identify the children in the photos but was only able to identify
two children based on pieces of clothing captured in the photos. A parent of one of the
identified children testified that she had never complained to the daycare about her child
having diaper rash.
Detective Rockwell also testified. He explained that aside from the photos of the
children’s vaginas, there were no other photos of the children engaged in sexual acts or
contact, or internet searches for child pornography, on Turenne’s phone. Detective
5
Rockwell did recount that “there’s plenty of other things on the phone in regards to, like,
pornography”:
There was, uh . . . to be politically correct, I guess, there was female
pornography, there was heterosexual pornography, there was pictures of
vaginas, of breasts, there were pictures of male penises. So there was an array
of different types of pornography in the phone.
The State asked Turenne if it was true that she had told Nadasia Miller that she was
attracted to women. Turenne answered that she did not recall telling Miller that.3 The State
then asked Turenne if it was a fair statement that she was attracted to women, to which
Turenne responded that she was bisexual, or “confused” about whether she liked men or
women, “[b]ut not children, no.”
C. Jury Instructions
Regarding the child sex abuse charge, the court instructed the jury using modified
pattern instructions:
The defendant is charged with the crime of child sexual abuse. Child sexual
abuse is sexual exploitation of a child under 18 years of age caused by a
person with temporary care, custody, or responsibility for supervision of a
child. In order to convict the defendant of child sexual abuse, the State must
prove
(1) That the defendant sexually abused (name) by other sexual offense or
sexual exploitation;
(2) That at the time of abuse, (name) was under 18 years of age; and
(3) That at the time of the abuse, the defendant was a person with temporary
responsibility for the supervision of (name).
In order to convict the defendant, you must all agree that the defendant
sexually abused (name), but you do not have to all agree on which specific
act or acts constituted the abuse.
3
Miller testified that Turenne had told her that she was attracted to women.
6
Abuse does not include the performance of an accepted medical or behavior
procedure ordered by a health care provider authorized to practice by law and
acting within the scope of that authorization.
In the absence of pattern instructions for child pornography, the trial court gave the
following instruction on the production of child pornography charge, in relevant part:
In order to convict the defendant, the State must prove that the defendant
knowingly allowed a minor to engage as a subject in a visual representation
that depicts a minor engaged as a subject in sexual conduct. Sexual conduct
means lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.
Likewise, the court gave the following instruction for the possession of child pornography
charge, in relevant part:
In order to convict the defendant the State must prove that the defendant
knowingly possessed and intentionally retained a photograph showing an
actual child under the age of 16 years engaged in sexual conduct. Sexual
conduct, again, is defined as lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic
area of any person.
Both parties responded that they were satisfied with the instructions provided.
D. Closing Arguments
In describing the requirements for finding sexual exploitation as the manner of
sexual abuse in closing, the prosecutor said:
So you can consider sexual exploitation by looking at the images themselves.
And I think it’s pretty self-explanatory when you’re looking at, I don’t know
why we need to discuss the intent when you look at the pictures itself, but I
think the pictures themselves are hard to look at because they’re just zoomed
in on a child’s crotch.
The prosecutor then described the pictures, arguing that most of the photos did not show
any diaper rash. The prosecutor continued:
7
So other than the pictures themselves, which I think speak for themselves as
to her intent, you can look at the circumstances during which she took these
pictures, of how the pictures were taken.
The prosecutor noted that the pictures were taken primarily at times when there were few
other adults around at the daycare, and how the photos were “sort of intertwined with other
adult porn” in Turenne’s camera roll.
E. Juror Deliberations and Note
Deliberations began at 12:35 p.m. At 12:57 p.m., the jurors sent a note, which read:
Under what condition could the defendant be guilty of child abuse – sexual
abuse and not be guilty of the other charges?
If it is determined that the pictures were sexual exploitation [then] wouldn’t
that determine the next 2 charges?
At 1:23 p.m., the court addressed the note with the parties. The judge explained he
thought it was “important for the [c]ourt to provide some clarity, the [c]ourt can’t play
ostrich when it knows that there’s a question like this.” The judge proposed calling the
jurors back out, reading the three substantive instructions again, as well as the instruction
for the jurors to separately consider each charge, and the distinct elements of each charge.
Before the court could respond to the jury however, they reached a verdict. Neither party
asked that the jury still receive the court’s answer to its inquiry. The record reflects that
after the court asked the parties if they were “ready to bring the jury out to receive the
verdict?,” defense counsel responded, “Yes, Your Honor.” The jury returned at 1:30 p.m.
and convicted Turenne of all counts. Turenne timely appealed.
We will supply additional details where they are relevant to our analysis.
8
DISCUSSION
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Standard of Review
“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and assess whether ‘any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”
State v. Krikstan, 483 Md. 43, 63 (2023) (quoting Walker v. State, 432 Md. 587, 614
(2013)).
Our role is not to review the record in a manner that would constitute a
figurative retrial of the case. This results from the unique position of the fact-
finder to view firsthand the evidence, hear the witnesses, and assess
credibility. As such, we do not re-weigh the credibility of witnesses or
attempt to resolve any conflicts in the evidence. Our deference to reasonable
inferences drawn by the fact-finder means we resolve conflicting possible
inferences in the State’s favor, because we do not second-guess the jury’s
determination where there are competing rational inferences available.
Id. at 63–64 (internal citations and quotations omitted) (cleaned up).
To the extent we must review the trial court’s interpretation of statutes, our review
is de novo, as these are matters of law. Elsberry v. Stanley Martin Companies, LLC, 482
Md. 159, 178 (2022).
Child pornography charges – “lascivious exhibition”
A. Parties’ Contentions
Turenne first argues there is insufficient evidence that the photos at issue show
children engaged in “sexual conduct” by “lascivious exhibition.” To reach this conclusion,
she contends this Court should adopt the interpretation of “lascivious exhibition” of the
9
District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals, interpreting a parallel federal statute, that
“the minor’s depicted conduct must connote lust and suggest a sexual act, such that the
image is objectively sexual.” In support of this, Turenne avers that (1) this interpretation is
most consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s construction of the phrase; (2) the
definition of “lascivious” includes “lustful”; and (3) “lascivious” appears in a list of other
sexual acts.
The State counters that this Court does not need to adopt a precise test for construing
“lascivious exhibition” in this case, as there are plenty of factors present that would satisfy
even a narrow construction of the phrase. Even so, the State posits that the approach
adopted by seven circuits and many state courts interpreting similar statutes—applying the
six Dost4 factors—is more appropriate than the minority approach advanced by Turenne.
The State concludes that applying the Dost factors yields a finding that the photos do
constitute “lascivious exhibition.”
B. Analysis
Turenne was charged under two Maryland statutes that criminalize conduct with
respect to a minor involved in “sexual conduct”: Sections 11-207(a)(1) and 11-208(b)(2)
of the Criminal Law Article (“CR”). Section 11-207(a)(1) provides, in relevant part:
A person may not . . . cause, induce, solicit, or knowingly allow a minor to
engage as a subject in the production of obscene matter or a visual
4
United States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828 (S.D. Cal. 1986). This case and the factors
will be discussed in detail in our analysis below.
10
representation or performance that depicts a minor engaged as a subject in .
. . sexual conduct[.]
And, CR § 11-208(b)(2) provides, in relevant part:
A person may not knowingly possess and intentionally retain a film,
videotape, photograph, or other visual representation showing an actual child
. . . engaged in sexual conduct[.]
“Sexual conduct” is defined in CR § 11-101(d), and in 2019 the General Assembly added
“lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person” to its definition:
“Sexual conduct” means:
(1) human masturbation;
(2) sexual intercourse;
(3) whether alone or with another individual or animal, any touching of or
contact with:
(i) the genitals, buttocks, or pubic areas of an individual; or
(ii) breasts of a female individual; or
(4) lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person.
CR § 11-101(d) (emphasis added); 2019 Maryland Laws Ch. 325 (H.B. 1027).
The parties here agreed that only paragraph (4) in the definition of “sexual conduct”
was at issue. Accordingly, in the trial court’s instructions to the jury, it defined “sexual
conduct” using only this newest provision (“Sexual conduct means lascivious exhibition
of the genitals or pubic area of any person.”). It did not provide any definition of “lascivious
exhibition” itself.
The Supreme Court of Maryland5 noted that the purpose of the addition of
“lascivious exhibition” to the definition of “sexual conduct” was “to update the standard
5
At the November 8, 2022, general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a
constitutional amendment changing the name of the Court of Appeals of Maryland to the
Supreme Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.
11
for ‘sexual conduct’ so that it was consistent with the federal standard and to close a
loophole that prevented the prosecution of certain individuals in Maryland.” In re S.K., 466
Md. 31, 56 (2019). Indeed, testimony in support of the amendment suggests its purpose
was to allow prosecution of “child pornographers who produce or possess images that are
undeniably sexually explicit, but do not show active touching.” Maryland Coalition
Against Sexual Assault, Testimony Supporting H.B. 1027 with Amendment. See also Del.
Lesley J. Lopez Letter to the Maryland House of Delegates, Support: HB 1027- Criminal
Law- Child Pornography (“HB 1027 will strengthen our current child porn laws by
elevating them to that of the federal standard. Specifically, we seek to include the phrase
‘lascivious exhibition’ to the definition of what constitutes sexual conduct. Lascivious
exhibition essentially involves a sexual act or exhibition that does not involve actual
physical or sexual contact with the victim.”). The General Assembly did not include any
legislation defining the phrase itself.
To date, no Maryland appellate courts have interpreted the “lascivious exhibition”
provision and no Maryland pattern jury instructions define it.
The federal standard referenced in the legislative history above is found in 18 U.S.C.
§ 2256(A). That statute defines “sexually explicit conduct” as
actual or simulated—
(i) sexual intercourse, including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or
oral-anal, whether between persons of the same or opposite sex;
(ii) bestiality;
(iii) masturbation;
(iv) sadistic or masochistic abuse; or
(v) lascivious exhibition of the anus, genitals, or pubic area of any
person
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18 U.S.C. § 2256 (emphasis added).
The Dost-Factor Approach
In United States v. Dost, 636 F. Supp. 828 (S.D. Cal. 1986), the court articulated the
following six factors for aiding in the determination of whether an image constitutes a
“lascivious exhibition” under the federal statute:
1) whether the focal point of the visual depiction is on the child’s genitalia
or pubic area;
2) whether the setting of the visual depiction is sexually suggestive, i.e., in
a place or pose generally associated with sexual activity;
3) whether the child is depicted in an unnatural pose, or in inappropriate
attire, considering the age of the child;
4) whether the child is fully or partially clothed, or nude;
5) whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a willingness to
engage in sexual activity;
6) whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to elicit a sexual
response in the viewer.
Id. at 832 (S.D. Cal. 1986). The court followed that list with the proviso:
Of course, a visual depiction need not involve all of these factors to be a
“lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area.” The determination will
have to be made based on the overall content of the visual depiction, taking
into account the age of the minor.
Id. Seven circuits have since adopted—or at least recognized the frequent usefulness of—
the Dost factors, albeit with varying degrees of flexibility, for determining whether an
image is lascivious. See United States v. Rivera, 546 F.3d 245, 250 (2d Cir. 2008); United
States v. Knox, 32 F.3d 733, 747 (3d Cir. 1994); United States v. McCall, 833 F.3d 560,
13
563 (5th Cir. 2016); United States v. Stewart, 729 F.3d 517, 527 (6th Cir. 2013); United
States v. Lohse, 797 F.3d 515, 520 (8th Cir. 2015); United States v. Hill, 459 F.3d 966, 972
(9th Cir. 2006); United States v. Wolf, 890 F.2d 241, 245 (10th Cir. 1989). The Fourth
Circuit has so far declined to adopt the factors,6 stating that their application is unnecessary
when lasciviousness can be found “based on the objective characteristics of the [images]
alone.” United States v. Courtade, 929 F.3d 186, 192 (4th Cir. 2019), as amended (July 10,
2019).
Even amidst their somewhat widespread adoption, the Dost factors have been
criticized for their potential to limit too severely the material that constitutes child
pornography. Rivera, 546 F.3d at 251 (“[Dost-factor critics’] underlying concern is that the
factors sweep too narrowly”); United States v. Wiegand, 812 F.2d 1239, 1244 (9th Cir.
1987), (“[t]he [Dost-test] standard employed by the district court was over-generous to the
defendant”); United States v. Frabizio, 459 F.3d 80, 88 (1st Cir. 2006) (“there is a risk that
the Dost factors will be used to inappropriately limit the scope of the statutory definition.”);
United States v. Wolf, 890 F.2d 241, 245 n.6 (10th Cir.1989) (“We do not hold that more
than one Dost factor must be present to constitute a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a).”).
The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals did state in a 2017 opinion, “We likewise
6
conclude that the Dost factors offer helpful guidance in determining whether conduct is
lascivious, within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 2256(2)(A)[,]” but its order was later vacated
on different grounds, Sims v. Labowitz, 877 F.3d 171, 182 (4th Cir. 2017), on reh’g, 885
F.3d 254 (4th Cir. 2018), and reh’g granted, order vacated, 714 F. App’x 289 (4th Cir.
2018), and it has not applied the test since.
14
The fifth factor—“whether the visual depiction suggests sexual coyness or a
willingness to engage in sexual activity”—has been a specific target of criticism, since
“[c]hildren do not characteristically have countenances inviting sexual activity,” Frabizio,
459 F.3d at 89, and limiting “lascivious exhibitions” to those explicit displays would
protect perpetrators who surreptitiously photograph or record children acting innocently,
United States v. Holmes, 814 F.3d 1246, 1252 (11th Cir. 2016). The circuits utilizing the
Dost factors appear to agree this factor is often irrelevant. See, e.g., Rivera, 546 F.3d at 251
(citing and agreeing with conclusions from the First, Ninth, and Tenth circuits that the fifth
factor “look[s] the wrong way”).
The sixth Dost factor—“whether the visual depiction is intended or designed to
elicit a sexual response in the viewer”—appears to present the most confusion and is
applied differently among those circuits who use the factors. Critically, it gives rise to the
questions on which Turenne’s and the State’s “lasciviousness” arguments turn:
Is this a subjective or objective standard, and should we be evaluating the
response of an average viewer or the specific defendant in this case?
Moreover, is the intent to elicit a sexual response analyzed from the
perspective of the photograph’s composition, or from extrinsic evidence
(such as where the photograph was obtained, who the photographer was,
etc.)?
United States v. Amirault, 173 F.3d 28, 34 (1st Cir.1999). The Ninth Circuit, for instance,
has held that it is enough to satisfy this factor for the image to have appealed to the sexual
desires of the defendant. Wiegand, 812 F.2d at 1244 (“lasciviousness is not a characteristic
of the child photographed but of the exhibition which the photographer sets up for an
audience that consists of himself or likeminded pedophiles[,]” and “[i]t was a lascivious
15
exhibition because the photographer arrayed it to suit his peculiar lust.”). Conversely, the
Third and Eighth Circuits have held that the images must objectively be of a sexual nature.
United States v. Villard, 885 F.2d 117, 125 (3d Cir. 1989) (“We must, therefore, look at
the photograph, rather than the viewer. If we were to conclude that the photographs were
lascivious merely because Villard found them sexually arousing, we would be engaging in
conclusory bootstrapping rather than the task at hand—a legal analysis of the sufficiency
of the evidence of lasciviousness.”); United States v. Kemmerling, 285 F.3d 644, 646 (8th
Cir. 2002) (“We emphasize that the relevant factual inquiry in this case is not whether the
pictures in issue appealed, or were intended to appeal, to Mr. Kemmerling’s sexual interests
but whether, on their face, they appear to be of a sexual character. If not, they are not illegal
under the statute, because they are not lascivious.”).
The Hillie Approach: Objectively Sexual Conduct
Turenne argues we should reject application of the Dost factors, and adopt instead
the holding of the D.C. Circuit in United States v. Hillie, 39 F.4th 674 (D.C. Cir. 2022):
Based on the foregoing, we construe “lascivious exhibition of the anus,
genitals, or pubic area of any person” in 18 U.S.C. § 2256(2)(A)(v) to mean
that the minor displayed his or her anus, genitalia, or pubic area in a manner
connoting that the minor, or any person or thing appearing with the minor in
the image, exhibits sexual desire or an inclination to engage in any type of
sexual activity.
Id. at 685 (emphasis in original). The court purported to reach this conclusion through a
chain of U.S. Supreme Court precedent:
In sum, [New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982)] explained that the Court
had previously construed the phrase “lewd exhibition of the genitals” in
[Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973)], and that the phrase referred to “the
16
hard core of child pornography.” Ferber, 458 U.S. at 764–65, 773, 102 S.Ct.
3348. In [United States v. X-Citement Video, 513 U.S. 64 (1994)], the Court
found that the term “lascivious exhibition of the genitals” as currently used
in § 2256(2)(A)(v), has the same meaning as “lewd exhibition of the
genitals,” as that phrase was construed in Miller and Ferber. X-Citement
Video, 513 U.S. at 78–79, 115 S.Ct. 464. And in [United States v. Williams,
553 U.S. 285 (2008)], the Court reaffirmed that § 2256(2)(A)’s definition of
“sexually explicit conduct” means essentially the same thing as the definition
of “sexual conduct” at issue in Ferber, except that the conduct defined by §
2256(2)(A) must be, if anything, more “hard-core” than the conduct defined
by the New York law at issue in Ferber, given that the federal statute
prohibits “sexually explicit conduct” rather than merely “sexual conduct,” as
in the state law. Williams, 553 U.S. at 296, 128 S.Ct. 1830.
Hillie, 39 F.4th at 683. Our analysis results in a different conclusion. The Ferber Court did
not find “lewd exhibition of the genitals” in the child pornography standard equivalent to
the phrase when construed in Miller, which was in the context of an obscenity standard for
adult pornography. In fact, it appears the Ferber Court indicated the bar should be lower
for finding the exhibition of genitals lewd when in the context of children:
The test for child pornography is separate from the obscenity standard
enunciated in Miller, but may be compared to it for the purpose of clarity.
The Miller formulation is adjusted in the following respects: A trier of fact
need not find that the material appeals to the prurient interest of the average
person; it is not required that sexual conduct portrayed be done so in a
patently offensive manner; and the material at issue need not be considered
as a whole.
Ferber, 458 U.S. at 764. In fact, the Ferber Court’s “adjustment” of the Miller standard for
the child pornography context removes the requirement that Hillie and now Turenne argue
for—that the image must be objectively sexual without regard to the mental state or
preferences of the defendant.
17
We also highlight the last line of the Hillie court’s explanation, citing the U.S.
Supreme Court’s conclusion in Williams that the conduct defined in the federal statute must
be more “hard-core” than that defined in New York’s statute, since the federal statute
proscribes imagery of minors engaged in “sexually explicit conduct” while the New York
statute proscribes imagery of minors engage in plain “sexual conduct.” This reasoning
would also weigh in favor of construing Maryland’s statute more broadly than the federal
standard, as it too proscribes imagery of minors engaged in any “sexual conduct”—not just
“sexually explicit conduct.”
Turenne also relies on Hillie’s rejection of the reasoning that lasciviousness could
be found if an image “is designed to elicit a sexual response . . . perhaps not in the ‘average
viewer,’ but perhaps in the pedophile viewer.” Hillie, 39 F.4th at 688 (quoting Dost, 636
F. Supp. at 832). To reach this conclusion, the Hillie court says the U.S. Supreme Court
previously rejected this reasoning in Williams. But again, we read Williams differently.
There, the Court was reviewing the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals’ holding that the
federal statute criminalizing the possession and distribution of material pandered as child
pornography was overbroad and thus unconstitutional. One of the underlying conclusions
of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals was “that the [federal] statute could apply to
someone who subjectively believes that an innocuous picture of a child is ‘lascivious.’”
Williams, 553 U.S. at 301.
The U.S. Supreme Court disagreed:
That is not so. The defendant must believe that the picture contains certain
material, and that material in fact (and not merely in his estimation) must
18
meet the statutory definition. Where the material at issue is a harmless picture
of a child in a bathtub and the defendant, knowing that material, erroneously
believes that it constitutes a “lascivious exhibition of the genitals,” the statute
has no application.
Id. As we read Williams, the Court was not saying that, necessarily, only conduct which is
objectively sexual will satisfy the federal statute. Rather, a picture that does not satisfy the
statute by its terms will not be the subject of a statutory violation even if the defendant
believes the picture qualifies as pornography. The focus in Williams was on the knowledge
of the defendant. Id. at 300–01. The Court was not opining on whether an image of a child
engaged in otherwise innocent conduct (versus objectively sexual conduct) would ever
satisfy the statute. The Court was addressing the scenario where a defendant promises to
send another person “child pornography,” believing it is indeed pornographic, when in
actuality the image does not constitute pornography under the terms of the statute—for
example, a photograph of a child in a bathtub. As we see it, this is distinct from a someone
taking or possessing an image solely focused on a child’s genitals ostensibly during an
innocuous activity like a diaper change.
This Court’s Approach: Totality of the Circumstances
We decline to adopt the Hillie test Turenne urges for “lascivious exhibition,”
requiring “that the minor displayed his or her anus, genitalia, or pubic area in a manner
connoting that the minor, or any person or thing appearing with the minor in the image,
exhibits sexual desire or an inclination to engage in any type of sexual activity.” Hillie, 39
F.4th at 685 (emphasis in original). First, as we have discussed, we do not find the legal
analysis in Hillie persuasive. Second, we believe that limiting the construction of
19
“lascivious exhibition” to only those depictions that are objectively sexual would leave
unprotected some of the most vulnerable minors—those who are too young to possibly
emote sexual coyness or to be made to engage in an objectively sexual position.7 We
believe this runs counter to the General Assembly’s ostensible intention in 2019 to broaden
the reach of Maryland’s child pornography statute to depictions of children that are not
“stereotypical” instances of child pornography but are nonetheless harmful to and
exploitative of children. 8
7
We find especially compelling the Ninth Circuit’s position and reasoning for
considering the adult-defendant’s intentions in producing or possessing the depiction:
In order to be lascivious, the exhibition must be pornographic, even if it need
not be obscene. At the same time, it must be recognized that the type of
sexuality encountered in pictures of children is different from that
encountered in pictures of adults. This is because children are not necessarily
mature enough to project sexuality consciously. Where children are
photographed, the sexuality of the depictions often is imposed upon them by
the attitude of the viewer or photographer. The motive of the photographer
in taking the pictures therefore may be a factor which informs the meaning
of “lascivious.”
United States v. Arvin, 900 F.2d 1385, 1391 (9th Cir. 1990)
8
See United States v. Knox, 32 F.3d 733, 747 (3d Cir. 1994) (“Children posing for
pornographic pictures may suffer dramatic harm regardless of whether they have an “adult”
look of sexual invitation or coyness on their face. Therefore, we adhere to the view that
“lasciviousness”. . . does not involve an inquiry concerning the intent of the child subject.
Our interpretation of the “lasciviousness” element is consistent with the plain meaning of
the statute and furthers Congress’ intent in eradicating the pervasive harm children
experience when subjected to posing for pornographic purposes.”).
20
But we also decline to adopt the Dost factors for two reasons. First, even the Dost
factors do not definitively resolve the issue of whether a depiction must contain overtly
sexual conduct. The varying interpretations of the sixth factor among Dost-applying
circuits are proof of this. We also agree with the criticism that the specific factors may be
too limiting in light of the myriad forms that child pornography could take. Second, we do
not need to adopt this test to resolve the case before us.
We find most persuasive the position of those circuits that have not embraced
specific (and thus limiting) tests such as the Dost factors, nor the narrow, limiting position
of the D.C. Circuit in Hillie. Rather, these circuits rely on the plain meaning of “lascivious
exhibition” and apply a totality of the circumstances approach, which is most appropriate
given the varied and nuanced contexts of child pornography. The Fourth Circuit has
explained that “[t]he plain meaning of ‘lascivious exhibition’ requires that we ask whether
the video depicts [the minor’s] genitals or pubic area ‘in order to excite lustfulness or sexual
stimulation in the viewer.’” Courtade, 929 F.3d at 192 (quoting Knox, 32 F.3d. at 745 (3d
Cir. 1994) (citing Webster’s and Black’s Law)). Answering this question requires
consideration of all circumstances surrounding a depiction; not just the image itself, but
the actions and preferences of the defendant. We find the summary of the approach and
reasoning taken by the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Circuits, as explained by the
Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals,9 a useful guide for our own review:
9
We emphasize that this 2016 opinion from the Eleventh Circuit, Holmes, supra,
was issued years after its Williams opinion was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in
2008.
21
[W]e join each of our sister circuits who have addressed this issue and
concluded that depictions of otherwise innocent conduct may in fact
constitute a “lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area” of a minor
based on the actions of the individual creating the depiction.
The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have each confronted this same
question. In considering whether an image constitutes a lascivious
exhibition, those courts have looked to the intent of the producer or editor
of an image. For example, in United States v. Horn, 187 F.3d 781 (8th Cir.
1999), the court held that “[b]y focusing the viewer’s attention on the pubic
area, freeze-framing can create an image intended to elicit a sexual response
in the viewer. The ‘lascivious exhibition’ is not the work of the child, whose
innocence is not in question, but of the producer or editor of the video.” Id.
at 790.
...
Similarly, the Ninth and Tenth Circuits have focused on the intent of the
producer. The Ninth Circuit has made clear that the image at issue may be a
lascivious exhibition based on how the photographer arranges it. “Each of
the pictures featured the child photographed as a sexual object.... [T]hat is,
so presented by the photographer as to arouse or satisfy the sexual cravings
of a voyeur.” [Wiegand, 812 F.2d at 1244]. The court continued, explaining,
“[L]asciviousness is not a characteristic of the child photographed but of the
exhibition which the photographer sets up for an audience that consists of
himself or like-minded pedophiles.” Id.
The Tenth Circuit has also reached this same conclusion. Citing the Ninth
Circuit’s decision in Wiegand, that court concluded that “[t]o find otherwise
would ignore the obvious exploitive nature of the depiction and require the
child to exhibit lust, wantonness, sexual coyness or other inappropriate
precocity. Such an interpretation would pervert both the language and the
logic of the legislation and the case law.” United States v. Wolf, 890 F.2d
241, 246 (10th Cir.1989).
Today, we join the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits and hold that a
lascivious exhibition may be created by an individual who surreptitiously
videos or photographs a minor and later captures or edits a depiction, even
when the original depiction is one of an innocent child acting innocently.
22
Holmes, 814 F.3d at 1251–52. We will apply this totality of the circumstances approach,
which incorporates the intent of the image’s producer, to the instant case.
The relevant facts here, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, consist of
the following: Regarding the content of the photos themselves, all are taken of female
infants. Each photo is zoomed in to focus, indisputably, on the child’s unclothed vagina as
she lies on a changing pad or stands in a bathroom. The photos contain nothing else, aside
from, in a few photos, the child’s stomach and upper thighs. Most photos, if not all, do not
depict any apparent diaper rash. None of the photos contain faces.
Regarding Turenne’s motive for taking the photos, seven of the eight photos were
taken at times in the evening after teachers would begin to leave the daycare for the day.
Some were taken in the bathroom. No teacher would be in the bathroom if an aide, such as
Turenne, was already in there with a child, because the teacher would be in the classroom
with the rest of the children. Turenne initially lied to the investigators by stating that the
photos were from the internet, not of children in the daycare. The reasoning she ultimately
alleged for taking the photos—that she was documenting diaper rash—was not offered at
the initial interview. Turenne also testified that she would be unable to identify a child
based on the photos. The daycare’s manager had never admonished any employees for not
preventing or taking care of diaper rash, no parent had ever admonished Turenne for not
preventing or taking care of diaper rash, and the daycare manager had never received any
complaints from parents regarding diaper rash. Daycare employees were never instructed
to document diaper rash care or prevention, and in fact, employees agreed to a policy that
23
prohibits taking pictures of children or using the employees’ phones anywhere in the
daycare other than the breakroom. Finally, one of the photos at issue depicted a child with
underwear—not a diaper—pulled down.
The camera roll on Turenne’s phone on which the photos were contained also
contained adult pornography. It was an adult pornographic video that Turenne was showing
to a co-worker when the co-worker discovered the eight photos at issue.
Based on the times and places the photos were taken, a reasonable juror could
conclude that Turenne surreptitiously took the photos, and that she was discreet because
she knew taking and possessing pictures of the children’s vaginas was impermissible. A
reasonable juror could infer Turenne’s knowledge that what she did was impermissible and
even morally—and perhaps legally—wrong, based on her initial lies to investigators about
where the photos came from. A reasonable factfinder could conclude that Turenne was not
credible when she claimed she took the photos to document diaper rash, based on the
testimony that there had been no complaints of diaper rash among parents or staff at the
daycare, and Turenne’s own testimony that she would not have been able to identify any
of the children from the photos if a parent were to complain about diaper rash.
A reasonable juror could also infer that Turenne took these photos for sexual
gratification, based on the photos’ exclusive focus on the children’s vaginas and the
absence of any credible, innocuous reason for taking and storing such photos, and the
photos’ location among other pornographic images on Turenne’s phone.
24
These inferences, taken together, support the conclusion that the minors in the
photos were engaged in lascivious exhibition of the genitals. Reaching this conclusion
based on the aforesaid facts is consistent with the holdings of several federal circuits. For
instance, in Holmes, the Eleventh Circuit affirmed the jury’s verdict that
[The defendant’s] conduct—including placement of the cameras in the
bathroom where his stepdaughter was most likely to be videoed while nude,
his extensive focus on videoing and capturing images of her pubic area, the
angle of the camera set up, and his editing of the videos at issue—was
sufficient to create a lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area.
Id. at 1252. Similarly, in affirming that images which had been cropped from photos of
children bathing on a beach, could have been found to be lascivious beyond a reasonable
doubt, the Sixth Circuit explained:
The evidence showed that these images involved minors, . . . the focal point
of the images was the children[’]s genitalia, the children were partially
clothed or nude, and these images were cropped and brightened from larger
photographs that largely were innocuous. The jury could have reasonably
inferred that the act of image editing, combined with the peculiar
composition of the resultant images, demonstrated that the images were
designed or intended to elicit a sexual response in the viewer.
United States v. Stewart, 729 F.3d 517, 527–28 (6th Cir. 2013).
Particularly relevant to the photos Turenne produced and retained, the Sixth Circuit
reasoned in United States v. Brown that the fact that the photographs at issue did
not include the girls’ heads is odd and repeated, and when considered
together with the focus on the girls’ pubic area, suggests that there may have
been an inappropriate or lascivious focus.
579 F.3d 672, 681 (6th Cir. 2009). The Third Circuit likewise reasoned in Knox:
In several sequences, the minor subjects, clad only in very tight leotards,
panties, or bathing suits, were shown specifically spreading or extending
25
their legs to make their genital and pubic region entirely visible to the viewer.
In some of these poses, the child subject was shown dancing or gyrating in a
fashion indicative of adult sexual relations. Nearly all of these scenes were
shot in an outdoor playground or park setting where children are normally
found. Although none of these factors is alone dispositive, the totality of
these factors lead us to conclude that the minor subjects were engaged in
conduct—namely, the exhibition of their genitals or pubic area—which
would appeal to the lascivious interest of an audience of pedophiles.
32 F.3d at 747. See also United States v. Kemmerling, 285 F.3d 644, 646 (8th Cir. 2002)
(“A factfinder could decide . . . without being clearly wrong, that the other pictures are
lascivious because they are of children who are nude or partially clothed, the focus of the
images is the child’s genitals or pubic area, and their purpose appears to be to elicit a sexual
response from the viewer. These images were not designed, for instance, simply to provide
a clinical view of the portions of the children's anatomy that are pictured.”); United States
v. Johnson, 639 F.3d 433, 440–41 (8th Cir. 2011) (holding that a reasonable jury could find
that videos of minors weighing themselves in an examination room constitute lascivious
exhibitions based on how the video was recorded, how the zoom feature was adjusted, and
the producer’s intent to elicit a sexual response in the viewer, even though the victims did
not act in a sexual manner).
We conclude that viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a
reasonable juror could have found the essential elements of the pornography charges—
permitting a minor to engage as a subject in the production of a visual representation that
depicts a minor engaged as a subject in sexual conduct by lascivious exhibition of the
genitals of that minor, and retaining those same visual representations, CR §§ 11-207(a)(1)
& (b)(2); CR § 11-101(d)—beyond a reasonable doubt.
26
Sexual abuse of a minor by “sexual exploitation”
A. Parties’ Contentions
Turenne also asserts that there is insufficient evidence for finding that her taking of
the photos constitutes “sexual exploitation” of the children. She posits that the conduct
must have some sexual undertone, such that the person doing the exploiting is taking the
action for his or her own sexual gratification. Turenne argues that there was no evidence
to this effect.
The State says this argument mischaracterizes certain factors that have existed in
past “sexual exploitation” cases as actual requirements for a finding of sexual exploitation.
The State argues that both the case law and legislation emphasize how broad, not narrow,
the statute is. The State also points once more to each of the factors it alleged in its
“lascivious exhibition” argument to indicate Turenne took the photos for sexual
gratification, and asserts that the innocuous reason Turenne advanced for taking the
photos—her only means of demonstrating the photos were not exploitative—was
discredited at trial and not believed by the jury.
B. Analysis
Section 3-602(b)(1) of the Criminal Law Article states that
A parent or other person who has permanent or temporary care or custody or
responsibility for the supervision of a minor may not cause sexual abuse to
the minor.
27
Section 3-602(a)(4)(i) provides that
“Sexual abuse” means an act that involves sexual molestation or exploitation
of a minor, whether physical injuries are sustained or not.
Turenne does not dispute the elements of her temporary care, custody or responsibility for
the children in the photos, or that the children in the photos were minors. It is only whether
her conduct satisfies the “sexual abuse” by “sexual exploitation” element that she
challenges.
The Supreme Court of Maryland recently explained that “sexual exploitation is not
limited to incidents involving physical contact and can include a wide range of behavior.”
State v. Krikstan, 483 Md. 43, 51 (2023). “The legislative history of the statute indicates
an intent by the General Assembly that the statute be interpreted broadly to include a wide
range of conduct and to protect children.” Id. at 53. In explaining the meaning of the statute,
the court quoted a previous opinion:
Our review of Maryland case law leads us to several conclusions about CR
§ 3-602. The statute … can encompass a wide range of behavior that need
not, in itself, be criminal. Child sexual abuse can be committed as part of a
single act or a series of actions and it is not necessary that the defendant
physically touch the child in order to commit the crime. The context in which
the abuse occurs matters and failing to act to prevent abuse can be criminal.
Finally, exploitation requires that the defendant “took advantage of or
unjustly or improperly used the child for his or her own benefit.”
Id. at 51–52 (quoting Walker v. State, 432 Md. 587, 622 (2013)) (emphasis in Walker). The
statute prohibits a wider array of conduct than just child pornography or prostitution. Id. at
622.
28
In Scriber v. State, 236 Md. App. 332 (2018), this Court affirmed a high school
teacher’s conviction for sexual abuse by sexual exploitation, where he had taken photos of
multiple female students’ clothed buttocks. We explained that “assessing the sufficiency
of evidence to support appellant’s conviction for sexual abuse” of the victim
requires consideration of all the circumstances, including the context in
which the pictures were taken, i.e., appellant was a high school teacher and
the minor-victim . . . was his student, and the content of the pictures, which
the circuit court accurately described as multiple images of [the victim]
“bending over, taking the picture from the back to the virtual exclusion of
every other part of her body.” The circuit court, in assessing the totality of
the circumstances, concluded that this “was not an accident,” particularly
when considered with State’s Exhibit 20, which included photos of another
young woman, depicting only the “young woman’s legs and buttocks.”
Viewing all of the evidence, the court found that “these pictures were taken
to memorialize [the victim’s] backside,” and it determined that the evidence
was sufficient to show that appellant’s actions were exploitative. We agree.
Id. at 349–50.
To start, we agree with Turenne that there must be some sexual aspect to the conduct
alleged to be exploitive. Our Supreme Court explicated this in Walker. 432 Md. at 616
(“Although the word ‘sexual’ is not placed in front of exploitation, and could be viewed as
not modifying the term, the title of the statute itself, ‘sexual abuse of a minor,’ makes clear
that the exploitation must be also of a sexual nature.”). We also agree that the defendant
must receive some benefit from the conduct for it to constitute “sexual exploitation.” Id. at
625. And although that benefit need not be sexual gratification (it might be, for instance, a
financial gain), id., in the instant case, the benefit to Turenne argued by the State was sexual
gratification. Turenne’s response is that her “actions of taking the photos do not constitute
29
sexual exploitation because the photos themselves do not have a sexual undertone and there
is no evidence that the photos were taken for [her] own gratification.”
Turenne’s response ignores that it was for the jury to determine whether there was
a sexual aspect to her taking and/or possessing the photos. Relatedly, Turenne’s argument
ignores that the State presented evidence, even if circumstantial, that Turenne received
sexual gratification for taking and/or possessing the photos—the combination of the
surreptitious manner in which she took the photos, the photos’ location in her camera roll
among adult pornography, that she shared some of that adult pornography on her phone
with a co-worker, and the absence of any credible, innocuous reason for taking photos of
children’s genitalia in violation of the daycare’s policy. The evidence of her sexual
gratification may not have been direct, as it was in Schmitt v. State, 210 Md. App. 488,
491–92 (2013) where the defendant masturbated with the minor’s clothing on camera, but
we have found no case holding such evidence is required for finding sexual exploitation.
Generally, our case law teaches that “[c]ircumstantial evidence is entirely sufficient to
support a conviction, provided the circumstances support rational inferences from which
the trier of fact could be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused.”
Neal v. State, 191 Md. App. 297, 314–15 (2010) (quoting Hall v. State, 119 Md. App. 377,
393 (1998)).
This case is similar to Scriber, particularly in Turenne’s effort to undermine the
State’s case for “sexual exploitation.” In Scriber, there was no direct evidence of a benefit
30
the teacher received for taking the photos, but the trial judge explained that he could
conceive of
no value reason where a high school teacher would be using his cellphone,
face down, camera up, while dealing with a student in a dress standing over
him.
No satisfactory explanation has been given to me. I can think of none. And
it's my job to try to find a reasonable doubt here.... I can think of no reason
why, given [the victim’s] testimony, which I found absolutely credible, the
[appellant] would have been doing anything other than trying to take her
picture. So, I find the [appellant] guilty of Count 1.
236 Md. App. at 341. Interestingly, Turenne references these statements as support for her
position—that because she did provide a reason for taking the photos (documenting diaper
rash), her case is distinguishable from Scriber. To the contrary, Scriber supports the jury’s
finding that Turenne committed sexual exploitation. Although at trial Turenne provided an
explanation for taking the photos, a rational factfinder could have found it incredible (for
reasons discussed at length earlier), which is, in fact, what the jury did. In Scriber, the
factfinder also found there was “no satisfactory explanation” for the defendant taking and
possessing the photos, other than for sexual gratification. And while we do not hold that
this logic would apply to every case where sexual abuse by sexual exploitation is alleged,
it is applicable here, where the totality of circumstances surrounding Turenne’s taking and
possession of the photos, as well as their content, lend themselves to no other credible
explanation. In sum, we cannot say that no rational factfinder could have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that Turenne’s taking of photos of infants’ bare vaginas, and her
31
possession of those photos among adult pornography on her phone, had a sexual aspect,
and that she derived sexual gratification from that conduct.
II. Jury Instructions on Elements of Offenses – Plain Error
Standard of Review
Although Turenne did not object at trial to either of the errors she now alleges
regarding jury instructions, she argues that we can and should exercise plain error review
to reverse the trial court on this basis.
We rarely engage in plain error review. It is “reserved for those errors that are
compelling, extraordinary, exceptional or fundamental to assure the defendant of a fair
trial.” Newton v. State, 455 Md. 341, 364 (2017) (quoting Robinson v. State, 410 Md. 91,
111 (2009)).
Before we can exercise our discretion to find plain error, four conditions must
be met: (1) “there must be an error or defect—some sort of ‘deviation from
a legal rule’—that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned, i.e.,
affirmatively waived, by the appellant”; (2) “the legal error must be clear or
obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute”; (3) “the error must have
affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means
he must demonstrate that it ‘affected the outcome of the district court
proceedings’”; and (4) the error must “seriously affect the fairness, integrity
or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”
Id. (quoting State v. Rich, 415 Md. 567, 578 (2010)) (cleaned up). Our courts have found
serious errors in jury instructions to be plain error when they “undermined a core value of
constitutional criminal jurisprudence.” Id. (quoting Savoy v. State, 420 Md. 232, 255
(2011)). Such plain error has been found when, for example, the court erred in its
reasonable doubt instruction, Savoy, 420 Md. at 255; when it failed to instruct the jury that
32
they could find the defendant not guilty, State v. Hutchinson, 287 Md. 198, 208 (1980);
and when its instruction placed the burden of proving self-defense on the defendant, Squire
v. State, 280 Md. 132, 133 (1977). Likewise, we have declined to find plain error, for
instance, when jury instructions omitted intellectual disability as a basis for finding insanity
and thus that the defendant could be found not guilty. Trimble v. State, 300 Md. 387, 399,
(1984).
A. Parties’ Contentions
Turenne asserts that the court plainly erred by “failing to adequately instruct the jury
on the distinct actus rei” for child sex abuse, production of child pornography, and
possession of child pornography, and that the court’s failure to answer the jury note before
the court received the verdict compounded that error. Specifically, Turenne says the court’s
instruction regarding the child pornography charges—that sexual conduct is defined as
“lascivious exhibition of the genitals or pubic area of any person”—failed to give the jury
context or define “lascivious exhibition.” The court could have rectified that shortcoming,
according to Turenne, by providing the Dost factors as the federal pattern jury instructions
do, or by listing lascivious exhibition as one of the forms of sexual conduct listed in the
statute to provide context.
Similarly, regarding the court’s instruction for the sexual abuse charge, Turenne
posits that its failure to explain what constitutes “sexual exploitation” was error. Turenne
points out that the pattern jury instructions include such an instruction, and that Maryland
courts favor the use of pattern jury instructions. The jury’s question demonstrated its lack
33
of clarity and its assumption that if the evidence was sufficient to convict Turenne of child
sex abuse, it was sufficient to convict her of the pornography charges. Turenne concludes
that the court was required to provide further instruction, and its failure to do so,
compounding its failure to instruct properly initially, deprived her of a fair trial.
The State counters that Turenne’s claims fail to meet the four prongs of the plain-
error test articulated in State v. Rich, 415 Md. 567, 578 (2010). First, the State says, defense
counsel affirmatively waived both claims. Second, Turenne fails to establish that the error
is clear or obvious; she does not affirmatively say what instruction should have been given,
cites no cases finding error for failure to use these pattern instructions, nor any Maryland
cases finding plain error for failing to use a federal pattern instruction. Further, the State
adds, the “sexual exploitation” definition Turenne cites is designated as a “may be
helpful”—not a mandatory—definition. Third, Turenne fails to establish that the failure to
give more detailed instructions affected the jury’s verdict, and finally, she fails to establish
that an exercise of the trial court’s discretion in giving more detailed instructions, both
initially and after receiving the jury’s note, would have been appropriate. The State asserts
it would have been inappropriate, as Defense counsel’s failure to object in both instances
might have been a strategic choice. And specifically, regarding the court’s failure to
address the jury’s note, the State says the jury’s reaching of a verdict before then
“essentially communicated that they were no longer confused about the question.”
34
B. Analysis
We decline to exercise plain error review of Turenne’s claim regarding jury
instructions. At a minimum, Turenne’s challenge to the absence of a “lascivious
exhibition” definition fails at the second plain error review prerequisite: the alleged error
is not so clear or obvious to be beyond dispute. As our earlier discussion made painfully
clear, no Maryland law has established a precise definition for “lascivious exhibition,”
much less required that the phrase be further defined or contextualized for the jury. 10
Regarding a definition of “sexual exploitation,” Turenne is correct that the
Maryland Pattern Jury Instructions provide one. However, as Turenne also acknowledges,
following the pattern instructions is not mandatory. Cousar v. State, 198 Md. App. 486,
521 (2011).11 And in the case of this phrase and the associated pattern definition—“Sexual
exploitation means that a person takes advantage of or unjustly or improperly uses the
minor for [his][her] own benefit[,]” MPJI-Cr 4:07.2 CHILD ABUSE--SEXUAL
ABUSE12—we cannot easily imagine, nor does Turenne demonstrate, how providing that
definition to the jury might have affected the outcome of the case. This definition seems
10
See Arvin, 900 F.2d at 1391 (“The distinction between a pornographic depiction
and an innocent one is a distinction the jury should be able to make from its own
experience. How much instruction should be given beyond telling the jurors that they must
find the statutory imperatives and must use their common sense to decide whether the
pictures are lascivious is essentially up to the discretion of the judge.”).
11
We do, of course, continue to encourage the use of pattern jury instructions where
applicable. See, e.g., Johnson v. State, 223 Md. App. 128, 152 (2015).
12
This definition came from this Court in Brackins v. State, 84 Md. App. 157, 162
(1990).
35
rather straightforward in that it does not stray from the plain meaning of “exploitation.”13
We hold that the court’s failure to provide this optional definition does not clear the second
or third perquisites to plain error review.
III. The State’s mention of Turenne’s sexual orientation in closing argument
A. Parties’ Contentions
Turenne asserts the court plainly erred by allowing the prosecutor to comment on
her adult same-sex attraction, because sexual orientation is not an element of the offense
of child sex abuse, and its mention served only to inflame the jury. Turenne cites to this
Court’s opinion in Killie v. State, 14 Md. App. 465, 470–71 (1972), where we held, in
13
In fact, in Brackins, this Court reviewed several definitions of “exploitation” prior
to arriving at the phrase now used in the pattern definition for “sexual exploitation”:
“To take advantage of.... To make use of meanly or unjustly for one's own
advantage or profit.... Unjust or improper use of another person for one's own
profit or advantage.” Webster's Third New International Dictionary, 1976
Edition.
“To make use of.... To make unethical use of for one's own advantage or
profit.” Webster's New World Dictionary, Third College Edition (1988).
“Taking unjust advantage of another for one's own advantage or benefit.”
Black's Law Dictionary (5th Ed., 1979).
“The utilization of another person for selfish purposes.... To employ to the
greatest possible advantage (exploit).... To make use of selfishly or
unethically.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
(1969).
84 Md. App. at 161.
36
Turenne’s words, “that the State’s reference to the defendant’s sexual orientation and
insinuating his interest in young boys was likely to prejudice the jury, and therefore denied
the defendant a fair and impartial trial.” Turenne also cites to a Fourth District California
Court of Appeal opinion holding that a prosecutor’s repeated reference to the appellant’s
sexual orientation in a same-sex abuse case was prejudicial misconduct.
The State counters that its comments were in the permissible scope of closing
argument. The State says Killie is distinguishable from the instant case, since there, the
State introduced the notion of the defendant’s sexuality for the first time in closing. The
State also disputes the relevance of the California case, explaining that it is not binding on
this Court and so it cannot be used to establish that any error of the trial court in neglecting
to stop the State from mentioning Turenne’s sexual orientation was obvious or clear. The
State also details four ways the case is distinguishable from the instant case.
B. Analysis
In the prosecutor’s closing argument, she said the following about Turenne’s sexual
orientation:
So you can consider other things beyond the picture, just the circumstances,
the fact that these are all females. It’s interesting that apparently no boys had
rashes at the time. She told one of her friends that she was gay or bisexual,
which obviously doesn’t matter, but it matters when you’re looking at
whether she had any sexual gratification for taking these pictures, holding on
to these pictures for as long as she did.
In his closing, defense counsel said of the State’s argument, “[t]hey want you to just
assume that automatically the photo means there was a sexually-based intent[,]” and argued
that the photos themselves, as well as all the adult pornographic photos, actually helped
37
Turenne’s case. Defense counsel stated that although he could have objected and said all
the photos were too prejudicial, he chose not to because he
…wanted you all to see that because, again, there’s nothing to hide in this
case.
[Turenne’s] preferences are in men and women. Now, the State is saying that
she was gay and look at the pictures and they’re trying to imply that because
you’re gay somehow you then become an abuser.
But here’s the thing they don’t mention. There’s pictures of male genitalia,
too, of adult male genitalia. They don’t mention that. They’re making the
argument that she’s gay, but she has male genitalia in these pictures. And she
even said herself, I’m bisexual.
In rebuttal, the prosecutor responded to defense counsel on the issue Turenne’s intent:
I think the intent and the way they take these pictures is what speaks for itself.
So if you’re zooming in on a child’s crotch, if you’re taking a picture of a
child under their skirt, we’re not presenting this is playful. I think the intent
is obvious. So it seems silly to spend a lot of time talking about the intent.
And we keep talking about the fact that she’s a young woman. If we were
looking at an older male and he had a bunch of pictures of young children’s
vaginas or penises on his phone, would we need to spend this much time on
what the intent was?
It just seems ridiculous to me that we are arguing it for that long, what the
intent is, because it seems obvious.
There’s no inference made by the fact that she would be gay or bisexual.
That’s irrelevant. The only reason we’re considering that is the inference that
she had sexual gratification and that that connects to the pictures themselves.
That’s why it becomes relevant. Nobody is making any inference from it.
The only reason it was brought out is, again, to consider the sexual, or
potential sexual gratification that she’s getting from these pictures.
We reiterate the four prerequisites to plain error review:
(1) An error or defect that has not been affirmatively waived by the appellant;
38
(2) The legal error is clear or obvious, and not subject to reasonable dispute;
(3) The appellant has demonstrated that the error affected the outcome of the
proceedings; and
(4) The error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.
Newton, 455 Md. at 364 (internal citations and quotations omitted). We add that “this Court
is reluctant to find plain error in closing arguments,” particularly when “there [is] ample
evidence against the defendants and the arguments [do] not vitally affect their right to a
fair trial.” Lawson v. State, 389 Md. 570, 605 (2005) (internal quotations and citations
omitted).
Once more, we decline to exercise plain error review. We conclude that Turenne’s
challenge to the prosecutor’s comments fails the second prerequisite to plain error review,
because the error is not so clear or obvious to be beyond reasonable dispute. We conclude
the impact of the prosecutor’s comments, particularly her rebuttal, though mentioning
Turenne’s sexual orientation, focused on explaining Turenne’s interest in female children.
In other words, the prosecutor was not arguing that Turenne was probably a child abuser
because she was lesbian or bisexual, but rather that her sexual attraction to women might
mean that she was sexually attracted to girls—which in turn, would explain the photos she
took exclusively of female infants’ genitalia. Though this point is debatable, it is not
plainly wrong, particularly in the absence of an objection and given the substantial latitude
that lawyers have in closing argument. Lee v. State, 405 Md. 148, 162 (2008).
39
Further, we conclude that Turenne’s challenge does not meet the third prerequisite,
because Turenne did not demonstrate how the comments affected the verdict. Even if the
prosecutor had not referenced Turenne’s sexual orientation, the jury had already heard
Miller’s testimony that Turenne said she was attracted to women, Turenne’s testimony that
she was bisexual or confused as to whether she was attracted to women or men, and
Detective Rockwell’s testimony that her phone contained both male and female
pornography. The jury was also aware that all the photos were of female infants. Even
without the State’s closing comments, the jury had the evidence from which it might have
inferred that Turenne was attracted to female children and took the photos for sexual
gratification.
Though we reach these conclusions, we note that the prosecutor’s comments could
be misinterpreted. Linking one’s sexual orientation, particularly a same-sex orientation, to
sexually abusing children is a canard that reinforces a terrible stereotype of gay and lesbian
people. We think the prosecutor’s comments, though perhaps unintentional, came
dangerously close to perpetrating a pernicious falsehood about same-sex orientation and
should be avoided.14
14
One’s sexual orientation has little to do with sexual attraction to children of either
sex. Of the many informative websites on this topic is: https://www.nationalcac.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/CSA-Perpetrators.pdf.
40
Concluding that the circuit court did not commit reversible error on any of the
preserved grounds alleged by Turenne, we affirm.15
THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
COURT FOR WICOMICO COUNTY
IS AFFIRMED. APPELLANT TO
PAY THE COSTS.
15
Finally, we note that a post-conviction proceeding is perhaps the most effective
way for Turenne to address the perceived deficiencies in defense counsel’s performance in
not objecting to either the jury instruction or the prosecutor’s allegedly biased comment in
closing argument.
41
The correction notice(s) for this opinion(s) can be found here:
https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/appellate/correctionnotices/cosa/0714s22cn.pdf
Turenne v. State
Combined Opinion