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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 MARCY BRITTON,
3 Petitioner-Appellant,
4 v. NO. 34,283
5 BARBARA BRUIN, Director
6 Albuquerque Animal Welfare Department,
7 RICHARD BERRY, Mayor, City of Albuquerque,
8 Respondents-Appellees,
9 and
10 BEST FRIENDS ANIMAL SOCIETY,
11 Intervenor-Appellee.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
13 Alan M. Malott, District Judge
14 Western Agriculture, Resource and Business Advocates, LLP
15 A. Blair Dunn
16 Alonzo Maestas
17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Petitioner-Appellant
19 Nicholas H. Bullock, Assistant City Attorney
20 Albuquerque, NM
21 for Respondents-Appellees
1 Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A.
2 Donald A. DeCandia
3 Elizabeth A. Martinez
4 Sarah M. Stevenson
5 Albuquerque, NM
6 for Intervenor-Appellee
7 MEMORANDUM OPINION
8 HANISEE, Judge.
9 {1} This appeal concerns the City of Albuquerque’s effort to control a large
10 population of feral cats in its metropolitan area by trapping, neutering them, and then
11 returning them to the location from whence they came. Petitioner Marcy Britton, a
12 resident of Albuquerque, sought a writ of mandamus from the district court
13 compelling Respondents, the mayor of Albuquerque, and the director of the
14 Albuquerque Animal Welfare Department, to cease the practice. She appeals the
15 district court’s dismissal of her petition. We affirm.
16 BACKGROUND
17 {2} NMSA 1978, Section 77-1-12 (2009) requires municipalities and counties to
18 “make provision by ordinance for the seizure and disposition of dogs and cats running
19 at large and not kept or claimed by any person on the person’s premises; provided,
20 however, that the ordinance does not conflict with the [Animal Sheltering Act, NMSA
21 1978, Sections 77-1B-1 through -12 (2007, as amended through 2015)].” The Animal
2
1 Sheltering Act defines “disposition” as “adoption of an animal; return of an animal to
2 the owner; release of an animal to a rescue organization; release of an animal to
3 another animal shelter or to a rehabilitator licensed by the [D]epartment of [G]ame and
4 [F]ish or the United States [F]ish and [W]ildlife [S]ervice; or euthanasia of an
5 animal[.]” Section 77-1B-2(E).
6 {3} In line with its duty under Section 77-1-12 of the statute, the City of
7 Albuquerque (the City) has adopted the Humane and Ethical Animal Rules and
8 Treatment (HEART) Ordinance, Albuquerque, N.M., Rev. Ordinances ch. 9, art. II,
9 §§ 9-2-1-1 through 9-2-8-1 (2006) (HEART Ordinance). The HEART Ordinance
10 provides that “[a]n at large animal shall be seized and impounded if the owner is not
11 available or if the owner continues to intentionally or negligently allow his or her
12 animal to be at large.” Section 9-2-4-3(D)(4) (capitalization in original omitted).
13 Although the HEART Ordinance does not provide for the destruction of seized “at
14 large” animals, it appears that impounded animals which are not adopted are typically
15 destroyed by the Albuquerque Animal Welfare Department (AAWD). See HEART
16 Ordinance § 9-2-8-1 (prohibiting euthanasia of “adoptable” animals for at least ten
17 days after the City comes into possession of the animal).
18 {4} The HEART Ordinance also prohibits cruelty to animals within city limits, see
19 § 9-2-4-1, a crime which is classified as a misdemeanor or petty misdemeanor under
3
1 NMSA 1978, § 31-19-1(A), (B) (1984). The HEART Ordinance further states that
2 “[a]ny person who relinquishes possession or control of an animal in a location where
3 any reasonable person would know the animal has little chance of finding food,
4 potable water, and shelter is guilty of cruelty.” Section 9-2-4-2(I) (capitalization in
5 original omitted).
6 {5} Intervenor-Appellee, Best Friends Animal Society (the Society) is “a national
7 nonprofit animal welfare organization . . . [that] partners with municipalities to
8 promote pet adoption, low-cost spay and neuter programs, and community cats
9 management[.]” From January 2012 to April 2014 the Society and the AAWD entered
10 into a series of memoranda of understanding (MOUs). Under the MOUs, the Society
11 (which uses its own funds and funds provided by PetSmart Charities) and the AAWD
12 “cooperat[ed] on a project . . . known as the Partners for Cats Project,” also known as
13 the “Trap-Neuter-Return” (TNR) program.
14 {6} The MOUs defined the entire City of Albuquerque as the “Target Area” and set
15 out various goals for the TNR program. The overarching goal was “[t]o help heighten
16 the status of community cats and promote non-lethal approaches to their
17 management.” More specifically, AAWD and the Society agreed to “reduce AAWD
18 cat intake in [the] Target Area (compared to 2011 baseline of 8,009) by at least 10%
19 . . . [and t]o increase AAWD cat live release rate in [the] Target [A]rea (compared to
4
1 2011 baseline of 5,132) by at least 35% by the end of the [TNR program].” The
2 MOUs define “[l]ive release” as the total “cat intake” minus the “total [number] of
3 adoptions, transfers without euthanasia as the final outcome, and returns to owner.”
4 {7} In order to achieve these goals, the Society agreed to hire “Project Coordinators
5 . . . who will work with AAWD on the implementation of the [TNR Program].” More
6 importantly, the Society agreed to pay up to $50 per cat for “surgical sterilization and
7 rabies vaccination” of feral cats. In turn, AAWD agreed to perform at its own expense
8 “up to 500 spay/neuter surgeries of shelter cats before they are transferred to [the
9 Society],” vaccinate shelter cats, and “[i]dentify which [shelter] cats are eligible for
10 release[.]” The MOUs define eligibility for release as “[c]ats . . . identified as currently
11 living outdoors, healthy, and of appropriate age . . . to be sterilized[.]” The MOUs also
12 define cats which are “generally not eligible for release” as “owner-surrendered cats,
13 unhealthy cats that cannot be treated, cats under age/weight for sterilization, and cats
14 that do not appear to be cared for (i.e. starving, ill, or injured)[.]”
15 {8} Petitioner alleges that one result of the TNR program is that the City now no
16 longer destroys feral cats as a matter of course. Reasonable minds differ about the
17 TNR program’s efficacy, to put the issue mildly. Proponents argue that over time the
18 sterilization of feral cats will cause the feral cat population to decrease and that
19 euthanasia does nothing to address the underlying cause of feral cat
5
1 populations—food supply. Opponents contend that the TNR program amounts to an
2 abdication of the City’s responsibility to control the feral cat population, which kills
3 wild birds, damages private property, and otherwise makes a nuisance that burdens
4 Albuquerque residents’ quality of life. See generally Rick Nathanson, One Giant
5 Litter Box, Albuquerque Journal (June 2, 2014), available at
6 http://www.abqjournal.com/409480/news/residents-tire-of-yards-being-litter-boxes
7 .html (summarizing the arguments in favor of the TNR program and describing
8 Albuquerque residents’ complaints).
9 {9} Predictably, the controversy over the TNR program made its way to district
10 court. On November 21, 2013, Petitioner sought a writ of mandamus1 compelling
11 Respondents to cease operation of the TNR program. Petitioner maintains that the
12 TNR program is illegal because the “release” portion of the program involves
13 “relinquish[ing] possession or control of an animal in a location where any reasonable
14 person would know the animal has little chance of finding food, potable water, and
15 shelter,” which as noted above the HEART Ordinance classifies as “cruelty.” HEART
1
16 The petition sought a peremptory writ, which is a writ of mandamus that does
17 not require notice to the responding party in circumstances where “the right to require
18 the performance of the act is clear, and it is apparent that no valid excuse can be given
19 for not performing it[.]” 1978 NMSA, § 44-2-7 (1884). As commentators have noted,
20 “use of the peremptory writ [is] constitutionally suspect” under modern due process
21 jurisprudence. Charles T. Dumars & Michael B. Browde, Mandamus in New Mexico,
22 4 N.M. L. Rev. 155, 162 (1974).
6
1 Ordinance § 9-2-4-2(I) (capitalization in original omitted). The district court issued
2 an alternative writ ordering Respondents to show cause why it should not enjoin the
3 TNR program. As well, the district court granted the Society’s motion to intervene.
4 {10} Following a hearing, the district court denied the petition and quashed its
5 alternative writ. The district concluded that even if the TNR program was illegal, other
6 remedies were available to Petitioner short of the drastic remedy of mandamus. The
7 court reasoned in the alternative that Albuquerque’s feral cat population implicates
8 public health and safety, and that “[u]nder State law, the City has the discretion,
9 power, and authority to choose” any one of several possible approaches to handling
10 the feral cat population. The district court found that the TNR program was one such
11 permissible alternative. The district court additionally found that a writ of mandamus
12 that seeks to prohibit official action (as opposed to compelling performance of an
13 official duty) should only be issued to enjoin “violations of significant Constitutional
14 rights[,]” and that petitioner had failed to allege that the TNR program violated any
15 such right.
16 STANDARD OF REVIEW
17 {11} A writ of mandamus “may be issued to any inferior tribunal, corporation, board
18 or person, to compel the performance of an act which the law specially enjoins as a
19 duty resulting from an office, trust or station; but though it may require an inferior
7
1 tribunal to exercise its judgment, or proceed to the discharge of any of its functions,
2 it cannot control judicial discretion.” NMSA 1978, § 44-2-4 (1884). Under Section
3 44-2-4, mandamus is proper when a public official is under a duty to act and the duty
4 leaves no room for the exercise of discretion—or in other words, the duty is
5 “ministerial.” Witt v. Hartman, 1970-NMSC-147, ¶ 2, 82 N.M. 170, 477 P.2d 608.
6 Further, “[t]he writ shall not issue in any case where there is a plain, speedy and
7 adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law.” NMSA 1978, § 44-2-5 (1884).
8 {12} A district court may also issue a writ of mandamus “to prohibit unlawful or
9 unconstitutional official action.” State ex rel. King v. Lyons, 2011-NMSC-004, ¶ 95,
10 149 N.M. 330, 248 P.3d 878. “In considering whether to issue a prohibitory
11 mandamus, we do not assess the wisdom of the public official’s act[;] we determine
12 whether that act goes beyond the bounds established by the New Mexico
13 Constitution.” Id. Our Supreme Court has recently indicated that prohibitory writs
14 should only be granted when an illegal official action implicates constitutional
15 concerns. See Am. Fed’n of State, Cty. & Mun. Emps. v. Martinez, 2011-NMSC-018,
16 ¶ 4, 150 N.M. 132, 257 P.3d 952 (“A writ of mandamus may be used in a prohibatory
17 manner to prohibit unconstitutional official action.” (emphasis added)).
18 {13} We review de novo the district court’s interpretation of applicable statutes and
19 constitutional provisions utilized in resolving a petition for a writ of mandamus. See
8
1 FastBucks of Roswell, N.M., LLC v. King, 2013-NMCA-008, ¶ 6, 294 P.3d 1287.
2 However, we have interpreted the word “may” in Section 44-2-4 to permit a district
3 court to deny a petition for a writ of mandamus for prudential reasons, especially in
4 light of the fact that mandamus is an “extraordinary” remedy. See FastBucks of
5 Roswell, N.M., LLC, 2013-NMCA-008, ¶ 7. When a district court declines to issue a
6 writ of mandamus out of prudential concerns, we review for an abuse of that
7 discretion. Id. ¶ 5.
8 DISCUSSION
9 {14} Petitioner raises only one issue on appeal, contending that the district court
10 erroneously concluded that the TNR program is not a “substantial violation” of the
11 law. Respondents argue that we need not address this issue because Petitioner has
12 waived any challenge to the district court’s separately dispositive rationale that
13 Petitioner had failed to establish an essential prerequisite to mandamus relief, namely
14 that “there is [not] a plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law”
15 available to Petitioner. Section 44-2-5. We agree.
16 {15} Petitioner’s brief in chief does not attack the district court’s rationale that
17 mandamus was improper because Petitioner had an adequate remedy in the ordinary
18 course of law. In her reply brief, the closest Petitioner comes to challenging this
19 rationale is her one-sentence response to the City’s waiver argument, which states that
9
1 “a situation where a government is willfully violating a law duly passed by the New
2 Mexico Legislature is an ‘extraordinary circumstance . . . where there is [no] plain,
3 speedy and adequate remedy at law[.]’ ” (alterations in original). We find that this
4 isolated reference to an independent, alternatively-asserted basis for the district court’s
5 ruling is insufficient for two reasons.
6 {16} First, Petitioner did not make the argument in her brief in chief. Instead,
7 Petitioner raises it for the first time in her reply brief. This Court does not consider
8 arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief except when made in response to
9 new arguments in an answer brief. See Mitchell-Carr v. McLendon, 1999-NMSC-025,
10 ¶ 29, 127 N.M. 282, 980 P.2d 65; see also Rule 12-213(C) NMRA (stating in pertinent
11 part that a reply brief “shall reply only to arguments or authorities presented in the
12 answer brief”). Here, the district court invoked the availability of a plain, speedy, and
13 adequate remedy at law as an independent basis for denying the application for a writ
14 of mandamus. Accordingly, Petitioner bore the burden of challenging it in her brief
15 in chief by citing authorities that refuted the district court’s conclusion.
16 {17} Second, we do not address “[i]ssues raised in appellate briefs which are
17 unsupported by cited authority[.]” In re Adoption of Doe, 1984-NMSC-024, ¶ 2, 100
18 N.M. 764, 676 P.2d 1329. Petitioner cites State ex rel. Coll v. Johnson, 1999-NMSC-
19 036, ¶ 12, 128 N.M. 154, 990 P.2d 1277 in support of the proposition she sets out for
10
1 the first time in her reply brief, namely that “a situation where a government is
2 willfully violating a law duly passed by the New Mexico Legislature is an
3 ‘extraordinary circumstance . . . where there is [no] plain, speedy and adequate
4 remedy at law[.]’ ” But Johnson merely quotes verbatim Section 44-2-5 in a paragraph
5 summarizing the requirements for obtaining mandamus relief. Johnson does not
6 commit any further analysis to Section 44-2-5, instead finding that mandamus relief
7 in that case would be inappropriate on other grounds. See Johnson, 1999-NMSC-036,
8 ¶¶ 12-13. “[W]here arguments in briefs are unsupported by cited authority, [we
9 assume that] counsel[,] after diligent search, was unable to find any supporting
10 authority.” In re Adoption of Doe, 1984-NMSC-024, ¶ 2.
11 {18} In any event, the plain meaning of Section 44-2-5 is that Petitioner must show
12 that there is no “plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of law”
13 even when the other requirements for mandamus relief are met. Section 44-2-5; cf. 55
14 C.J.S. Mandamus § 403 (2015) (“The general rule that the burden of proof is on the
15 proponent of the issue applies on an application for a writ of mandamus.”). Were that
16 not the case, mandamus would become the default means of remedying official
17 misconduct, not “a drastic remedy to be invoked only in extraordinary circumstances.”
18 Johnson, 1999-NMSC-036, ¶ 12 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Since
19 Petitioner has waived any challenge to the district court’s legal conclusion that there
11
1 is a plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the course of law such that mandamus is
2 improper, we can assume without deciding that the TNR program was a serious
3 violation of the law and still affirm the district court. See FastBucks of Roswell, N.M.,
4 LLC, 2013-NMCA-008, ¶¶ 15-16 (assuming for the purposes of argument that the
5 respondent had acted illegally but affirming denial of application for mandamus where
6 the petitioner had failed to demonstrate the unavailability of other adequate forums for
7 redress of the claimed wrong). By doing so, we decline to address Respondents’ other
8 arguments in defense of the district court’s judgment.
9 CONCLUSION
10 {19} The district court’s order denying Petitioner’s application for a writ of
11 mandamus is affirmed.
12 {20} IT IS SO ORDERED.
13
14 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge
15 WE CONCUR:
16
17 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
12
1
2 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
13
Britton v. Bruin
Combined Opinion