IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
Nos. COA15-385, COA15-422, and COA15-525
Filed: 2 February 2016
Randolph County, No. 12 CVS 1384
AMERICAN MECHANICAL, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
JEFFREY L. BOSTIC, MICHAEL HARTNETT and JOSEPH E. BOSTIC, JR.,
Defendants.
______________________________________________________________________________
Rockingham County, No. 12 CVS 977
YATES CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
JEFFREY L. BOSTIC, MICHAEL HARTNETT and JOSEPH E. BOSTIC, JR.,
Defendants.
______________________________________________________________________________
Graham County, No. 11 CVS 53
PHILLIPS AND JORDAN, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
JEFFREY L. BOSTIC, MICHAEL HARTNETT and JOSEPH E. BOSTIC, JR.,
Defendants.
Appeal by plaintiffs from orders entered 8 October 2014 and 9 October 2014 by
Judge Louis A. Bledsoe, III in Randolph County Superior Court, Rockingham County
AM. MECH., INC. V. BOSTIC
YATES CONSTR. CO. V. BOSTIC
PHILLIPS & JORDAN, INC. V. BOSTIC
Opinion of the Court
Superior Court, and Graham County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals
7 October 2015.
McKinney Law Firm, P.A., by Zeyland G. McKinney, Jr., and Stiles Law Office,
PLLC, by Eric W. Stiles, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Nexsen Pruet, PLLC, by David S. Pokela and Christine L. Myatt, for defendant-
appellee Jeffrey L. Bostic.
Smith Moore Leatherwood LLP, by D. Erik Albright and Matthew Nis Leerberg,
for defendant-appellee Michael Hartnett.
DAVIS, Judge.
The issue in these three consolidated appeals is whether a party’s submission
of a notice of appeal to the North Carolina Business Court (“the Business Court”)
through its electronic filing system complies with Rule 3 of the North Carolina Rules
of Appellate Procedure. American Mechanical, Inc., (“American Mechanical”), Yates
Construction Company, Inc. (“Yates Construction”), and Phillips and Jordan, Inc.
(“Phillips and Jordan”) (collectively “Plaintiffs”) appeal from three orders entered by
the Honorable Louis A. Bledsoe, III dismissing each of their appeals. After careful
review, we affirm.
Factual Background
These three appeals all arose out of allegations that Bostic Construction, Inc.
(“Bostic Construction”) and its corporate officers misused and fraudulently
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misappropriated loans that the company had obtained in connection with various
construction projects. Because the appeals involve common issues of law and fact, we
have consolidated them pursuant to Rule 40 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate
Procedure.
Bostic Construction was a construction management company that primarily
focused on the development and construction of apartment complexes and other
multi-residential dwellings located near college campuses. It relied on subcontractors
to supply labor and materials for its construction projects, delegating substantial
portions of the construction to its subcontractors while maintaining overall
management responsibility for the projects.
In 2003 and 2004, the company’s financial well-being began to deteriorate
substantially, and in 2005, Bostic Construction was placed into involuntary
bankruptcy by its creditors. Plaintiffs are licensed contractors who performed
subcontracting work on various apartment projects for Bostic Construction and were
each listed as creditors of the company in the bankruptcy proceeding.
Following the settlement of the bankruptcy case, Plaintiffs each filed separate
civil complaints against Jeffrey L. Bostic, Joseph E. Bostic, Jr.1, Melvin Morris, Tyler
1Plaintiffs’ claims against Joseph E. Bostic, Jr. were discontinued by operation of Rule 4(e) of
the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure based on Plaintiffs’ failure to properly serve him with
process.
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Morris, and Michael Hartnett (collectively “Defendants”), who served as Bostic
Construction’s corporate officers. In their complaints, Plaintiffs alleged that
Defendants had engaged in a “common scheme to commingle, misuse, and
misappropriate the construction loans provided to finance the construction projects”
at issue by making “preferential payments out of the construction loan proceeds for
their own personal benefit” rather than utilizing the loan proceeds to fund the
construction costs and pay the subcontractors for labor and materials. Plaintiffs
alleged that Defendants had engaged in these practices while Bostic Construction
was “on the verge of insolvency so as to amount to a dissolution” of the company. In
their complaints, each Plaintiff asserted a constructive fraud claim against Jeffrey L.
Bostic and Melvin Morris and an aiding and abetting constructive fraud claim against
all Defendants. In its complaint, Phillips and Jordan also brought an unfair trade
practices claim against all Defendants.
Each of these lawsuits was designated a mandatory complex business case
pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-45.4 and assigned to the Honorable Calvin E.
Murphy. Defendants subsequently filed motions to dismiss each of Plaintiffs’
complaints pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and (6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil
Procedure.
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On 1 June 2012, Judge Murphy entered an order in the action brought by
Phillips and Jordan determining that (1) Bostic Construction’s bankruptcy
settlement did not prevent Phillips and Jordan from bringing its direct claims against
the company’s officers; (2) Phillips and Jordan’s allegations in support of its
constructive fraud claim sufficiently stated a claim for relief; (3) its cause of action for
aiding and abetting constructive fraud was legally deficient; and (4) its unfair trade
practices claim was barred by the statute of limitations.
For these same reasons, Judge Murphy entered orders in the other two actions
in January 2013 dismissing the aiding and abetting constructive fraud claims of
American Mechanical and Yates Construction and allowing their constructive fraud
claims to proceed. Because the claim for aiding and abetting constructive fraud was
the only cause of action brought against Tyler Morris and Michael Hartnett, Judge
Murphy’s orders dismissing this claim effectively removed them as parties from the
three lawsuits.
In May 2013, Plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their constructive fraud claims
against Melvin Morris. As a result, Plaintiffs’ constructive fraud claims against
Jeffrey L. Bostic were the only remaining matters for resolution. On 19 and 20 June
2013, Jeffrey L. Bostic filed motions for summary judgment in each of Plaintiffs’ three
cases. Judge Murphy heard the motions on 17 December 2013 and in May 2014
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entered orders granting summary judgment in his favor with regard to each of the
constructive fraud claims asserted against him.
Plaintiffs each submitted a notice of appeal through the Business Court’s
electronic filing system seeking review of Judge Murphy’s orders on the motions to
dismiss and motions for summary judgment (collectively “Judge Murphy’s Orders”).
Plaintiffs did not file their notices of appeal with the clerks of court of the counties
where the actions had been filed until approximately three months after the
summary judgment orders were entered.
Jeffrey L. Bostic and Michael Hartnett moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ appeals in
each of the three cases for failure to comply with the requirements of Rule 3 of the
Appellate Rules, and Judge Bledsoe entered orders on 8 and 9 October 2014
(collectively “Judge Bledsoe’s Orders”) granting the motions and dismissing
Plaintiffs’ appeals. Plaintiffs filed their notices of appeal from Judge Bledsoe’s Orders
on 29 October 2014.
Analysis
I. Petitions for Certiorari
Our appellate courts have explained on multiple occasions that “[n]o appeal
lies from an order of the trial court dismissing an appeal for failure to perfect it within
apt time, the proper remedy to obtain review in such case being by petition for writ
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of certiorari.” State v. Evans, 46 N.C. App. 327, 327, 264 S.E.2d 766, 767 (1980); see
also Lightner v. Boone, 221 N.C. 78, 84, 19 S.E.2d 144, 148 (1942) (concluding that
plaintiffs whose appeal was dismissed by trial court based on their failure to take
timely action had “followed the proper procedure in noting their exception to the order
of the judge striking [their appeal] and applying for a writ of certiorari”), superseded
by statute on other grounds as recognized in Matthews v. Watkins, 91 N.C. App. 640,
650-51, 373 S.E.2d 133, 139 (1988), aff’d per curiam, 324 N.C. 541, 379 S.E.2d 857
(1989).
In recognition of this well-established rule and in response to Defendants’
motions seeking dismissal of their appeals, Plaintiffs filed petitions for certiorari on
24 July 2015 seeking review by this Court of (1) Judge Bledsoe’s Orders dismissing
their appeals; and (2) Judge Murphy’s Orders ruling on their substantive claims. In
our discretion, we elect to grant the petitions for certiorari as they relate to Judge
Bledsoe’s Orders in order to address the merits of their arguments concerning the
dismissal of the appeals and to reiterate the applicability of Appellate Rule 3 to
appeals from orders rendered by the Business Court. See High Point Bank & Trust
Co. v. Fowler, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 770 S.E.2d 384, 386-87 (2015) (explaining that
in its discretion this Court may grant party’s certiorari petition or treat party’s
appellate brief as petition for certiorari in order to review trial court’s order
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dismissing appeal); see also Evans, 46 N.C. App. at 328-29, 264 S.E.2d at 767-68
(“elect[ing] to treat defendant’s attempted appeal in this case as a petition for a writ
of certiorari” and ultimately concluding that defendant’s appeal “was properly
dismissed” by trial court).
However, we deny Plaintiffs’ petitions for certiorari in which they seek
appellate review of Judge Murphy’s Orders. Plaintiffs have offered no actual
argument in their appellate briefs as to why Judge Murphy’s Orders were erroneous.
Instead, Plaintiffs’ briefs solely address the issue of whether Judge Bledsoe’s
dismissal of their appeals was proper. Thus, we conclude that because Plaintiffs have
failed to make any substantive arguments concerning Judge Murphy’s Orders in their
appellate briefs, the granting of certiorari to review these orders would be
inappropriate. See State v. Doisey, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 770 S.E.2d 177, 179 (2015)
(dismissing defendant’s appeal where defendant sought certiorari to obtain appellate
review of trial court’s ruling refusing to order post-conviction DNA testing but then
failed to “bring forward on appeal any argument that the trial court erred in denying
his motion for DNA testing”); see also Craver v. Craver, 298 N.C. 231, 235-37, 258
S.E.2d 357, 361-62 (1979) (reversing this Court for granting certiorari after
defendant’s appeal was dismissed by trial court as untimely and then reviewing
underlying order from which dismissed appeal was being taken “without benefit of
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arguments or briefs” because doing so denied opposing party “the critical opportunity
to be heard on the merits of the appeal”). Therefore, the only issue we address below
is whether Judge Bledsoe properly dismissed Plaintiffs’ appeals based on their failure
to comply with Appellate Rule 3.
II. Application of Rule 3 to Appeals from the Business Court
Plaintiffs’ argument that their appeals were improperly dismissed is foreclosed
by our recent decision in Ehrenhaus v. Baker, ___ N.C. App. ___, 776 S.E.2d 699
(2015). In Ehrenhaus, this Court held that a party’s electronic submission of a notice
of appeal to the Business Court’s electronic filing system is insufficient to satisfy Rule
3’s requirement that a litigant seeking to appeal a civil order or judgment must file
“notice of appeal with the clerk of superior court” within the applicable time periods
set forth in subsection (c) of the rule. Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 708 (emphasis added).
While the appellants in Ehrenhaus filed a timely notice of appeal with the clerk
of superior court in Mecklenburg County (the county where the action had been filed),
id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 703, the cross-appellant — like Plaintiffs in the present case
— transmitted a notice of appeal to the Business Court’s electronic filing system and
did not file the notice of appeal with the Mecklenburg County Clerk of Court until
well after the applicable deadline set out in Rule 3 had expired, id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d
at 708-09. As a result, the Honorable James L. Gale of the Business Court dismissed
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the cross-appeal as untimely. Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 709. The cross-appellant
sought certiorari, requesting that we reverse the dismissal of his appeal and arguing
that the electronic notice of appeal with the Business Court was legally sufficient. Id.
at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 709. We disagreed, holding as follows:
Plaintiff attempted to cross-appeal from Judge
Murphy’s Order . . . . However, Plaintiff did not properly
give notice of appeal. Instead of filing the notice of appeal
with the clerk of superior court as required by Rule 3(a) of
the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure, see
N.C.R. App. P. 3(a) (“Any party entitled by law to appeal
from a judgment or order of a superior . . . court rendered
in a civil action . . . may take appeal by filing notice of
appeal with the clerk of superior court and serving copies
thereof upon all other parties within the time prescribed by
subsection (c) of this rule.” (emphasis added)), the only
notice of appeal submitted by Plaintiff within the requisite
time period was filed with the North Carolina Business
Court using its electronic filing system.
Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 708-09.
Because questions concerning the interplay between the Business Court, its
electronic filing system, and Appellate Rule 3 are now once more before this Court in
these three consolidated cases, we take this opportunity to further explain our
holding in Ehrenhaus that a party seeking to appeal an order or judgment rendered
in any district or superior court, including the Business Court, must file its notice of
appeal with the clerk of court of the county in which the action was filed in order to
establish appellate jurisdiction.
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Rule 3 states, in pertinent part, as follows:
Any party entitled by law to appeal from a judgment or
order of a superior or district court rendered in a civil
action or special proceeding may take appeal by filing
notice of appeal with the clerk of superior court and serving
copies thereof upon all other parties within the time
prescribed by subsection (c) of this rule.
N.C.R. App. P. 3(a).
Plaintiffs contend that their submission of notices of appeal through the
Business Court’s electronic filing system was sufficient to confer appellate
jurisdiction upon this Court because (1) the Business Court maintains its own
electronic filing system that operates independently of a local clerk of court; and (2)
by virtue of the General Rules of Practice and Procedure for the North Carolina
Business Court (“Business Court Rules”), its litigants are encouraged to transmit all
documents and materials by means of the electronic filing system. In support of their
argument, Plaintiffs cite Rules 6.4 and 6.6 of the Business Court Rules, which state
as follows:
6.4 – Notice of Electronic Filing. Electronic
transmission of a paper to the Business Court file server in
accordance with these Rules, together with the receipt of a
Notice of Electronic Filing automatically generated by the
Electronic filing and service system as authorized by the
Court, shall constitute filing of the paper with the Business
Court for purposes of timing under the North Carolina
General Statutes, the North Carolina Rules of Civil
Procedure, and the Business Court Rules, and shall
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constitute entry of that paper on the Business Court
Docket. An electronic filing with the Business Court is
deemed complete only upon receipt of such Notice of
Electronic Filing by the person filing the paper.
6.6 – Date and Time of Filing. When information has
been filed electronically, the official information of record
is the electronic recording of the information as stored on
the Court’s file server, and the filing date and time is
deemed to be the date and time recorded on the Court’s file
server for transmission of the Notice of Electronic Filing,
which date and time is stated in the body of such Notice.
In the event that information is timely filed, the date and
time of the electronic filing shall govern the creation or
performance of any further right, duty, act, or event
required or permitted under North Carolina law or
applicable rule, unless the Court rules that the
enforcement of such priority on a particular occasion would
result in manifest injustice.
B.C.R. 6.4, 6.6.
Plaintiffs contend that — when read together — Rule 6.4 (stating that
electronic filing “constitute[s] filing . . . for purposes of timing under the North
Carolina General Statutes, the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, and the
Business Court Rules”) and Rule 6.6 (providing that “the filing date and time is
deemed to be the date and time recorded on the Court’s file server for transmission
of the Notice of Electronic Filing”) “govern[ ] for purposes of the creation and
performance of any further right or act permitted under North Carolina law, such as
the act of taking an appeal.”
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However, it is the Rules of Appellate Procedure — not the Business Court
Rules — that establish the mandatory procedures for taking an appeal. See State v.
Berryman, 360 N.C. 209, 214, 624 S.E.2d 350, 355 (2006) (“The Rules of Appellate
Procedure govern in all appeals from the courts of the trial division to the courts of
the appellate division.” (citation, quotation marks, and ellipses omitted and
emphasis added)). The Business Court is a superior court and its orders are,
therefore, “order[s] of a superior . . . court rendered in a civil action” for purposes of
Rule 3. N.C.R. App. P. 3(a).
Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-45.4, any party may designate an action as a
mandatory complex business case if it involves a material issue concerning securities,
antitrust law, trademark law, intellectual property, trade secrets, the law governing
corporations and limited liability companies, or certain contract disputes between
business entities. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-45.4(a) (2013). If such a designation is
preliminarily approved by the Chief Justice, the matter is designated and
administered as a complex business case and “[a]ll proceedings in the action shall be
before the Business Court Judge to whom it has been assigned.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §
7A-45.4(f). The Chief Justice holds the authority to designate certain special superior
court judges to preside over these complex business cases. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-45.3
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(2013). Pursuant to this statute, “[a]ny judge so designated shall be known as a
Business Court Judge and shall preside in the Business Court.” Id.
Thus, while the Business Court is tasked with the adjudication of cases
involving specialized subject matters by judges who have been designated for this
purpose, it remains a part of the superior court division of the General Court of
Justice. See Estate of Browne v. Thompson, 219 N.C. App. 637, 640, 727 S.E.2d 573,
576 (2012) (“The Business Court is a special Superior Court . . . .”), disc. review denied,
366 N.C. 426, 736 S.E.2d 495 (2013); see also Bottom v. Bailey, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___,
767 S.E.2d. 883, 889 (2014) (same). A matter may be designated for adjudication by
the Business Court, but cases are not originally filed there. Instead, they are filed
with the clerk of court in the county in which the action arose. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-
45.4(b). Moreover, once a matter has been designated as a complex business case,
the clerk of court still maintains the case file. Therefore, unless and until the
Appellate Rules are amended to provide otherwise, the orders of the Business Court
— just like the orders of any other superior court — must be appealed through the
filing of a notice of appeal with the applicable clerk of court in accordance with the
procedures set out in Rule 3.
Plaintiffs attempt to draw an analogy between the Business Court and the
North Carolina Industrial Commission, arguing that just as appeals from the
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Industrial Commission do not require the filing of a notice of appeal with the clerk of
court in the county where the matter arose, no such requirement exists for a party
appealing an order from the Business Court. Plaintiffs’ argument ignores, however,
the fact that the Industrial Commission — unlike the Business Court — is an
administrative agency rather than a court of justice. See Letterlough v. Akins, 258
N.C. 166, 168, 128 S.E.2d 215, 217 (1962) (“The Industrial Commission is not a court
of general jurisdiction. It is an administrative board with quasi-judicial functions . .
. .”). Accordingly, the taking of an appeal from a ruling of the Industrial Commission
is governed not by Appellate Rule 3 but rather by Appellate Rule 18. See N.C.R. App.
P. 18 (setting forth requirements for taking appeal “from administrative agencies,
boards, or commissions”); Strezinski v. City of Greensboro, 187 N.C. App. 703, 710,
654 S.E.2d 263, 267-68 (2007) (rejecting party’s argument that appeal from Industrial
Commission was untimely under Rule 3 and explaining that “[t]his is not a civil case;
this is a direct appeal from an administrative agency. As such, it is governed by Rule
18 . . . .”), disc. review denied, 362 N.C. 513, 668 S.E.2d 783 (2008).
Having determined that Plaintiffs’ appeals were subject to Rule 3, the only
remaining question is whether Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with Rule 3 mandated
dismissal of the appeals rather than some lesser sanction. As our Supreme Court
explained in Dogwood Dev. & Mgmt. Co. v. White Oak Transp. Co., 362 N.C. 191, 657
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S.E.2d 361 (2008), “rules of procedure are necessary in order to enable the courts
properly to discharge their duty of resolving disputes,” and consequently, “failure of
the parties to comply with the rules, and failure of the appellate courts to demand
compliance therewith, may impede the administration of justice.” Id. at 193, 657
S.E.2d at 362 (citation, quotation marks, brackets, and ellipses omitted). In Dogwood
— our Supreme Court’s most recent and comprehensive discussion of “the manner in
which the appellate courts should address violations of the appellate rules” — the
Court noted three categories of violations under the Appellate Rules: “(1) waiver
occurring in the trial court; (2) defects in appellate jurisdiction; and (3) violation of
nonjurisdictional requirements.” Id. at 193-94, 657 S.E.2d at 362-63.
While noting that plain error review or Rule 2 may in exceptional
circumstances cure a party’s waiver of an issue in the trial court and that generally
a party’s nonjurisdictional rule violations should not lead to the dismissal of an
appeal, the Supreme Court explained that a jurisdictional rule violation, conversely,
“precludes the appellate court from acting in any manner other than to dismiss the
appeal.” Id. at 197, 657 S.E.2d at 365.
It is axiomatic that courts of law must have their power
properly invoked by an interested party. . . . The appellant’s
compliance with the jurisdictional rules governing the
taking of an appeal is the linchpin that connects the
appellate division with the trial division and confers upon
the appellate court the authority to act in a particular case.
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Id. at 197, 657 S.E.2d at 364-65 (internal citations omitted).
Rule 3 is a jurisdictional rule. See Bailey v. State, 353 N.C. 142, 156, 540 S.E.2d
313, 322 (2000) (“In order to confer jurisdiction on the state’s appellate courts,
appellants of lower court orders must comply with the requirements of Rule 3 of the
North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.”). Thus, because (1) Rule 3 applies to
appeals from orders issued by the Business Court; and (2) a party’s compliance with
Rule 3 is necessary to establish appellate jurisdiction, Judge Bledsoe properly
dismissed Plaintiffs’ appeals based on their failure to file timely notices of appeal with
the clerks of court in the counties in which the cases were filed. See Wallis v.
Cambron, 194 N.C. App. 190, 192, 670 S.E.2d 239, 241 (2008) (dismissing plaintiffs’
appeal “for failure to timely file a notice of appeal pursuant to the North Carolina
Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 3(c)”).2
Conclusion
2 In their alternative argument, Plaintiffs contend that even if the “filing [of their notices of
appeal] in the Business Court was inadequate, the time for filing the notice in the proper forum was
tolled by Defendant’s failure to serve the Order and attach a proper certificate of service” such that
their belated filing of notices of appeal with the respective clerks of court was timely under Rule 3.
Here, however, the Business Court served Judge Bledsoe’s Orders on the parties. See E. Brooks
Wilkins Family Med., P.A. v. WakeMed, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___, slip op. at 8-9 (filed
Jan. 5, 2016) (No. COA15-217) (holding that trial courts possess authority to serve their own orders
on the parties to the case). Moreover, Plaintiffs admit that they had actual notice of the orders within
three days of their entry. See id. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___, slip op. at 11 (“[A] litigant’s actual notice of
a final order within three days of its entry triggers [Appellate] Rule 3(c) and notice of appeal must be
filed within thirty days of the date of entry.”). Thus, we reject Plaintiffs’ alternative argument.
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For the reasons stated above, we affirm the orders entered by Judge Bledsoe
dismissing Plaintiffs’ appeals.
AFFIRMED.
Judges STEPHENS and STROUD concur.
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Combined Opinion